American Revolution: Loyalist Believed Patriots, James Chalmers Plain Truth

In the years prior to the American Revolution there were many different perspectives on whether the colonies should fight for their independence, or remain loyal to England and attempt to repair their relationship. The loyalists, who were mostly royal governors and officials in the colonies, believed that the talk of separation from Britain was a waste of time as it seemed impossible at the time. They also believed that the colonies still owed Britain a great debt due to their support in helping win the French and Indian War.Most loyalists believed that the colonies could not survive on their own as they depended just as much, if not more, on Great Britain as they did the colonies. The opposing perspective came from the group of people know as the patriots, who supported colonial independence from England. Many believed strongly in this fight for liberty and went to great measures to express their beliefs and have their voices heard.These people disagreed with the taxes being instill ed on the colonies without proper representation, and believed that Parliament and the King were unfit to rule the colonies as such a great distance separated each country and their governments. Both sides had their arguments as to why fighting for independence or remaining loyal to Britain was the right choice, and using these arguments, attracted many people to join each of their sides.Plain Truth was an article written by James Chalmers in 1776 which was essentially an angry response to Thomas Paine’s Common Sense that was published shortly before. In seventy pages, Chalmers wrote anything he could think of to tear down Common Sense. His main fault was in his writing, as it was directed at the more educated men and women, who at the time were mostly loyalists already, unlike Common Sense which was written very simply in order to be read and understood by even the uneducated.His main opposition to Paine were his views on democracy. Paine had a strong desire for democracy, u nlike many of the other Patriots that Chalmers disagreed with wholeheartedly. He refers to the short-lived democracies of Greece and Rome, comparing them to what he believes will be the outcome of a future American democracy, resulting in war and ruins. He briefly reminds the colonists of their debt to England due to their support in the French and Indian War, but as this is clear to most colonists, a strong argument is unnecessary.Chalmers’ biggest loyalist argument is that the colonists just simply could not win a war against Britain alone, which was very true. He saw it illogical for Spain or France to assist the colonists in their fight for independence in fear of directing ideas of revolution to their own royal colonies. Although many of the ideas expressed in Plain Truth are true, his lack of simple writing and invalid arguments could not have attracted nearly as many supporters as Thomas Paine’s Common Sense.  (New, Christopher)â€Å"Of the Natural Rights of Colonists† describes the views of African Americans on the American Revolution and the patriots’ desire for independence. In this piece of writing, the African Americans compare the relationship between Great Britain and the colonies to the relationship between a slave and his or her master. They emphasize that every person, no matter who they are, what they look like, or where they came from, is born with liberty and their own God-given rights.Just as a slave has those rights ripped away from them by their master, they believe that the colonists are being stripped of their rights by England as well. Obviously being against slavery or anything similar, the African Americans who contributed to this piece of writing are supporters of the fight for independence and patriots. Comparing the colonies to slavery really emphasizes that they believe they are being treated unfairly and deserve the rights they were born with.This piece of writing would have attracted many patriot supporters, as its arguments were truthful and relevant. (â€Å"Of the Natural Rights of the Colonists†) Patrick Henry, in his piece Liberty or Death, describes all of the things the colonies have done to try and peacefully repair their relationship with Great Britain, and how each one was ignored. He explains how war is not something they want, but after nothing else has worked, it seems to be the only possible solution.After countless protests, petitions and even pleading before the King, all had been ignored. Henry enthusiastically describes the need for war, as they will no sooner give up their liberty willingly than they will die. It is clear that Patrick Henry is a strong supporter of the fight for independence from Greta Britain and a strong patriot leader as well. This piece, describing England’s refusal to compromise with the colonists pleading requests surely brought upon many patriot supporters who agreed that war was the only option left.  (Henry, Patrick )Each of these views, both loyalists and patriots has a different argument as to why the colonies should either attempt to repair their relationship with England, or fight for independence. The patriots felt that England, by controlling them, was taking away the rights that they were born with, just as masters strip slaves of their rights. They also believed that they had no other option at this point, as England was not being the least bit cooperative and had ignored all protests and pleading prior.Loyalists believed that the fight for independence would essentially end in unnecessary deaths on both parts, as they believed it was impossible for the colonists to win against the English. They were skeptical of the government that American independence would produce, as past democracies in history had all ended in ruins. Each side has many arguments that divided the colonists based on their beliefs. It is clear that each side has attracted many supporters, but in the end, the Patriots turned out superior.

Listening and Speaking Actively

Running Head: DEVELOPING SELF- AWARENESS 1 DEVELOPING SELF- AWARENESS 2 What is SELF? The definition of self has intrigued many people throughout the ages. Ancient conceptions defined self in terms of a soul; a â€Å"vital, immaterial, life-principle, or ‘essence’ of humans† (Baldwin, 2000, p. 41). Today self is defined as the total essential or particular being of a person; the individual. But what really is self? Gerry Fewster, (2001) argues that self exists at the core of our experiencing.Some might say that self is not only the core of our experience, but of our existence, the centrality of that which we are. Self has become â€Å"central to the effective helping process in all aspects of the system from service design to delivery† (Garfat and Charles, 2006, p. 7). Self can mean being self-aware, and that knowledge, awareness, and understanding all about self are key (Ranahan, 2000; Ricks, 2006). Garfat and Charles (2006) state that â€Å"knowing self is not a tool, a technique or a strategy. It is a way of being; being in awareness, being present† (p. 6).Garfat and Charles emphasize on ‘knowing self’, because our interpretations are influenced by our particular way of perceiving and experiencing. Traditional ideas of knowing self generally apply to the field of work, Seaton, (2003) declares that effectiveness on knowing self as an active listener and speaker relies upon a workers ability to â€Å"regulate, adjust, and fine tune themselves to the specific needs and situation of the client, to be conscious†(p. 54). Frances Ricks (2001) had agreed that without these abilities, and â€Å"without self, there is no such thing as other†.Garfat and Charles (2006) and Mishna and Bogo (2007) expand on the relational use of self. The focus is on self reflection and authenticity. Developing the skill of active awareness DEVELOPING SELF-AWARENESS 3 helps identify and investigate the exchanges between a Child and Youth Care practitioner and his/her client. Therefore, having knowledge behind their actions, they are aware and able to prevent the therapist’s own experiences or wants/needs from taking over his/her perceptions and interfering with actions.By practicing self awareness it allows the practitioner to be connected, which leads to being authentic and genuine as well as using the attitudes learned from Active Communication with others (Arnd-Caddigan and Pozzuto, 2008; Garfat and Charles, 2006; Westra, 1996). â€Å"Becoming aware of how our beliefs, values, and ethics impact on us personally; we can also become aware of how they impact on our presentation to our clients† (Eldson, 1998). Understanding self-awareness means to understand self and others when â€Å"self is very clearly, obviously, present† (Ricks, 2006; Baldwin, 2000, p. 9-30). Greene, Jensen, and Jones (1996) say skillful â€Å"use of self† is an integral part of developing an effective relat ionship, which in turn, can be put towards the understanding of becoming an effective Active Listener and Speaker. By having this ability to understand the roles of effective listening and speaking through active communication, self becomes more and more important as one progresses through various stages of development as a Child and Youth Care professional (Phelan, 1990; Westra, 1996).The professional use of self: the use of one’s own personal resources (including one’s own emotions, as well as certain skills and techniques) achieve real communication. (Ward, 1998) Developing Self- Awareness as a Integral Part of Becoming an Effective Active Listener and Speaker allows familiarity to occur between knowledge of self, awareness of self, and understanding the role of self in relationships with others. Fewster, (2001) shares that in fullest DEVELOPING SELF- AWARENESS 4 form the word ‘self’ is more than physical, more than emotional, and more than cognitive.It is the sum total of all our aspects, and even more. Self is active, constant, always present, and workers bring self to the moment, to the now. (Kruger, 2007) References Arnd-Caddigan, M. & Pozzuto, R. (2008). Use of self in relational clinical social work. Clinical Social Work Journal, 36, 235-243. Baldwin, D. C. (2000). Some philosophical and psychological contributions to the use of self in therapy. In M. Baldwin (Ed. ), The Use of self in therapy,(pp. 39-60). New York: The Haworth press. Elsdon, I. (1998).Educating toward awareness: self-awareness in ethical decision making for child and youth care workers. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 12(3), 55-67. Fewster, G. (2001). Turning myself inside out: my personal theory of me. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 15(4), 89-108. Garfat, T. and Charles, G. (2006). How am I who I am? Self in Child and Youth Care practice. Relational Child and Youth Care Practice, 20(3), 6-16. Greene, G. J. , Jensen, C. , & Jones, D. H. (1996). A constructivist perspective on clinical social work practice with ethnically diverse clients.Social Work, 41(2), 172-180. Kruger, M. (2007). Sketching Youth, Self and Youth Work. Rotterdam: Sense Publishing. Phelan, J. (1990). Child care supervision: the neglected skill of evaluation. In J. P. Anglin, C. J. Denholm, R. V. Ferguson and A. R. Pence (Eds. ). Perspectives in Professional Child and Youth Care. New York : Haworth. Ranahan, P. (2000) Reaching beyond caring to loving in Child and Youth Care practice. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 13(4), 55-65. Ricks, F. (2006).Thus conscience does make cowards of us all: The need for moral courage in these times. Child and Youth Care Online, Available here: http://www. cyc-net. org/cyc-online/cycol-0507-ricks. html. Rogerson, J. (2012) In Class Notes. Seaton, C. (2003) Empowered use of self in social work: Understanding personal narrative through guided biography. Social Work, 31(1), 53-77. Ward, A. (1998). Intuition is Not Enough: Match ing Learning with Practice in Therapeutic Child Care. New York: Routledge. Westra, M. (1996). Active Communication, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

High Performance Working Systems Essay

High performance working systems have been defined as a combination of the practices of HR, the work structure of the organization and the processes utilized by the organization in order to maximize the knowledge, skills, commitment and flexibility of the employees. When this is implemented effectively, this form of working system would be able to benefit both the employees and management of the organization since employees will become more involved in the organization by becoming valuable contributors to the overall growth of the company (Bohlander & Snell, 2007). In the case of Lanier Worldwide, the high performance working system would benefit the company since there are a number of branches that are situated around the country, utilizing a high performance working system would ensure that they are given up-to-date information of the company’s business plans and strategies which would allow the employees from the different branches to provide suggestions in order to improve the operations of the company as well as making the employees more committed to the courses of action being implemented by the company (Bohlander & Snell, 2007). While all of the steps in setting up a high performance working system are considered to be crucial, the most important would have to be the establishment of a solid two-way communication plan during the initial stages of the changes being made by the company using this form of working system. This is because when management is able to properly communicate with their employees, fears and concern that may be felt by employees will be diminished. This, in turn, will ensure that commitment towards the established goals of the company will be reaffirmed and allow issues and areas of improvement to easily be addressed. Without a properly crafted communication plan, employees may become apathetic to the changes management would want to implement which may open doors to more problems on the part of the company’s operation as a whole.

Leadership challenge in GAS Co Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership challenge in GAS Co - Essay Example 5.2. Many car manufacturers have begun to convert their product designs to run on greener alternatives than petroleum fuels. 5.3. Cars and land vehicles using the green technologies will be in mass production by 2015 (three years from this report), in increasing volumes every year, pursuant to mandatory provisions in international agreements and EU directives. 5.4. At present, GAS Co. is still aggressively expanding its conventional gasoline stations which, while offering biofuels, are still designed primarily for petroleum fuels; there are no special design or system considerations yet for alternative fuels. 5.5. The firm’s executives still loyally pursue the original strategy of their parents to pursue the petroleum business which is its present competency; no new competencies are being developed beyond ethanol gasoline (E85). 6. Strategy to overcome the challenge to the leadership 6.1. The present leadership must resolve to break away from its traditional strategy and consi der gaining new competencies in the alternative technologies. 6.2. Aggressive construction of refilling stations should be suspended, pending new designs pursuant to the new competencies. 6.3. Environmental scanning should be conducted to determine the technologies most likely to be adopted in their franchise areas. 6.4. Massive reorientation of R&D and engineering designs, followed by HRD, training, and operations, should follow the decision as to what innovative technologies to adopt. 6.5. New franchise contract should be revised and existing franchises renegotiated in accordance with the proposed technical changes. 7. Conclusion The leadership should assess the new technical, regulatory, and business environment and articulate their company strategies and plans to ensure the firm’s... The organization upon which this discussion shall centre is a petroleum company which, for confidentiality purposes upon the company’s request, this study shall be designated as GAS Co. The firm’s business is the wholesale and retail distribution of petroleum fuel and lubricant products. The firm is based in an emerging Asian economy, and presently has some 500 retail stations located throughout the Southeast Asia and Pacific region, and about 30 depots that store quantities of downstream petroleum products (i.e., diesel, kerosene, unleaded, ethanol (E85), and premium gasoline). GAS Co. began in 1978 as a family corporation which offered mass storage facilities for petroleum and petrochemical based products; it then expanded into providing wholesale supply of petroleum products to industrial and manufacturing clientele. Thereafter it entered into a partnership with one of the world’s leading suppliers of lubricant additives, which enabled the company to undertake its own research and development in lubricants. Not long thereafter, when the downstream oil industry was deregulated by the national government, GAS Co. took the bold step of being the first local petroleum retailer to establish its line of refilling stations. It is now the leading local petroleum retailer in the country, and continues to expand by franchising its fuel refilling stations, which it began in the 1990s.

Law Notes on Behalf of The Peoples Republic of Zambeziland Essay

Law Notes on Behalf of The Peoples Republic of Zambeziland - Essay Example The PRZ asks the commission to take into account whether or not it has jurisdiction over this matter since Article 56(5) requires that all local remedies are exhausted, unless it can be shown that there is the excessive delay. As the African Commission previously decided, governments should have an opportunity to remedy human rights violations prior to being ‘called to account by an international tribunal’. No national remedies have been pursued by Zapo notwithstanding the fact that the PRZ has been working with the IMF and the World Bank as a means of addressing the consequences of the national disaster. Thus a claim that there is the exemption to the exhaustion of remedies’ requirement on the grounds that there are no adequate remedies would fail. With respect to derogation, the Banjul Charter does not address the issue of derogation at all and thus it neither forbids derogation nor does it set standards for derogation. Therefore, the only reasonable explanation for this omission is that the Banjul Charter expects derogation to be regulated by customary international law.   Under the fiduciary theory of human rights, states may derogate from non-peremptory human rights norms during emergencies as long as such derogation is intended to ensure ‘secure and equal freedom’. Derogation is therefore recognized as a means by which the state takes action for the good of the people and not as a means of advancing the interest of the state. Specifically, under international law, Article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 provides specific guidance on the issue of derogation. To begin with, where termination or withdrawal from a treaty is not provided for in a treaty, states may withdraw from the whole of the treaty.6 In particular a change of circumstances in relation to circumstances existing at the time of subscribing to a treaty can justify withdrawal from a treaty.

Civil war and American Reconstruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Civil war and American Reconstruction - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the Civil War was brought about by the insistence of the South state on maintaining the institution of slavery, something that the states that made up the Union were against. Yet another contentious issue that led to the Civil War was the move toward cessation by the Confederate states, a move that was declared illegal by the U.S. government.   The Republican Party's and Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the election was not welcomed by the Southern states, a moved that led them to declare their orientation toward cessation. While the Union states were industrially developed and anti-slavery, the Southern states mainly thrived on agriculture and considered slaves a vital part of their production resources. The slaves offered rich farmers cheap labor, something that they needed to ensure that their farms maintained high outputs. The Southern states managed to stay for long in the war given they had an advantage over their counterpar ts in fighting in the interior and had a wealth of experience at war. Many historians agree that the reconstruction took place between 1865 and 1877. The reconstruction was characterized by the move by the U.S. government and Northern states to reunite the country following the civil war.   It was also characterized by the fight by African Americans to enjoy the freedoms that they previously did not enjoy such as the freedom to vote, freedom against discrimination, and their recognition as U.S. citizens.

Innovating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innovating - Essay Example The broad nature of ideas in the definitions of innovation and skills, the hardship in the ability to relate innovative outputs and outcome with human capital, and the limitation in the availability of innovation-specific information have made it difficult task for firms to accurately come up with innovative means of operations in order to maximize their potential in performance. This study aims at exploring the link that exists between the desired innovations and skills necessary for the management of an enterprise (Acharya, 2012). In both managerial and individual levels, one needs to acquire and develop certain skill in order to become efficient in the smooth running of his/her business operations. Some of these basic skills include; academic skills, reading and writing, generic skills in problem solving, multicultural openness, technical skills, and leadership skills. These are some of the skills one will need to add in his/her portfolio as a manager and an individual. Skill assessment exercise helps one measure his level of skills and realize the need to add more skills necessary for effective management (Acharya, 2012). In creativity design, the managers will also be required to acquire the managerial and entrepreneurship skills in order to be able to foresee future opportunities and threats in their managerial operations. Individuals need to acquire the skills that will enable them to; learn from their work place the new ideas and opportunities that can be explored at an individual level for their development of skills and knowledge (Aghion, 2013). The required set of skills in an organization is determined by certain factors such as the type of innovation and industry structure, as well as the stage of the innovation. Some of the problems foreseen in group exercise are on how the group will be able to draw different skill mixes in different times to come up with

Health history and discharge. (Alterations in Pulmonary and Kidney Essay

Health history and discharge. (Alterations in Pulmonary and Kidney Function) - Essay Example This has caused her health to decline significantly as evidence by her steep loss of weight within a short time. Though Sallie has most of the medicine she is required to take. The visit revealed that she was missing crucial medicine which she only got some time back. As this medicine was also crucial for her recovery, the absence of it could show why her state of health was deteriorating over time. Sallie lacks somebody to take care of her at home. To ensure she eats well and takes her medication as and when it is to be taken. Her daughter works long hours so is unable to do this. This problem is evidenced by her missing some important medication that she ought to have had from the beginning. Sallie is lonely in her house where she lives alone, her daughter, Thelma Jean is a full-time employee in town and rarely visits. She also misses her late husband who she describes as a jolly man who used to love and make her

Criminal Investigations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Criminal Investigations - Research Paper Example From the research it is clear that for local people who are born and reside in Abu Dhabi, the criminal clearance always involves a check for any criminal records within the UAE. For foreigners who intend to work in Abu Dhabi, the security clearance involves a check for criminal records within the UAE as well as their country of origin. This is always important for most firms as well as government employees who want to be careful in terms recruiting people with a clean criminal record. Most government departments that have jobs that are sensitive want to know that they are employing people who don’t have the high potential of being criminals. Private organizations also ask for this security clearance when they feel that the position they want to fill is a sensitive position that needs to be filled by a person which can be trusted. This paper declares that the Criminal Investigation Department also acts s the manager for the repository of the data and information for the criminal records. The Criminal Investigation Department keeps all the data records about all criminal records and criminal investigations. This data reserve for criminal records helps in a number of ways with regard to curbing crime. First, it helps with the criminal investigations. The data kept by the Criminal Investigation Department in Abu Dhabi is always important in criminal investigations because they act as the basis of criminal investigations. They also provide with a database for security clearances as described above.

A Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

A - Coursework Example Economic globalisation is a broader idea that encompasses concepts such as globalisation of production, market competition, multinational corporations, and industries. The concept of economic globalisation was suggested along with the policy of trans-national trade and hence it has been occurring for the last 20-30 years. By the end of the 20th century, economic globalisation was greatly promoted and this situation led to the integration of developed economies and developing economies through increased foreign direct investment, elimination of trade barriers, and high immigration flow. Although evidences suggest that economic globalisation has a range of positive financial effects, it is also argued that such effects benefit only developed countries and cause power imbalance in the global economy. This paper will analyse â€Å"in what ways economic globalisation has affected the state†? International capital markets, labour markets, and commodity markets constitute the concept of economic globalisation. While analysing the history of economies, it seems that majority of the economies was influenced by foreign markets by the early 1900s in terms of either money and labour or business policies. Advancement of ship building technology and railroad inventions greatly contributed to the economic interdependence of global economies. Although World War I & II noticeably disrupted these advancements in economic globalisation, this concept again achieved widespread attention in 1970s and since then it has been gradually developing. Nowadays, dramatic advancements in information technology ensure the effective flow of information. Subsequently, economies tend to constitute a single global market so as to take advantages of integrated trade and other economic operations. While analysing the UK economy in the context of economic globalisation, it is obvious that this process has significantly

The Baroque Era Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Baroque Era - Term Paper Example In comparison to the forms of music preceding the Baroque music, the Baroque music is more intense, ornate and texturized in a lavish manner. The melodic line of the Baroque music is immensely decorated and has a rich counterpoint. A myriad of traits define the music of the Baroque era that include but are not limited to the basso continuo’s use and a faith in the affections’ doctrine which enable the composers to incorporate their feelings and emotions into their work. One of the most distinguishing features of music in the Baroque era is the emphasis it places upon the pace, volume and texture of the music. These features were altogether non-existent in the conventional music from the late Renaissance. Moreover, the Baroque music replaced the austerity of the early Renaissance and the Medieval style with the color of the instrument and the use of voice. In the Baroque era, there was an abundance of the secular forms of music and their use was just as much as that of t he liturgical styles of music. Imitative polyphony was one characteristic that reflected in most of the preceding music eras as well as in the Baroque era. It was used in the musical lyrics. On the contrary, the homophonic style was gaining increased attention and use in the music of the Baroque era, unlike the preceding music eras. Along with the employment of the homophonic music in the Baroque era, several innovative types of polyphonic music were surfacing in this era as well. Composers in the Baroque era were of the opinion that the counterpoint’s art.

Homeless people Essay Example for Free

Homeless people Essay How has Robert Swindells made the reader sympathise with Link and the other homeless people? The novel stone cold is written by Robert Swindells. He feels sympathetic towards the poor and wants the future generations to learn from other peoples mistakes such as caring for everyone in the community, society. The following exportation of certain key points will easily indicate and give a clearer view of the way Swindells creates sympathy throughout the novel. Sympathy may easily be revealed using these points which will able me to answer the question as a full summery and get a clearer understanding of the novel than I previously knew. Swindells makes the reader sympathise with Link when he gets thrown out of his family house for example he states It wasnt even his house but he locked the door and wouldnt let mum open it this shows that he is weak and has become homeless due to other peoples actions and was forced to become homeless. He is shown as a young innocent person. The reader will think that young people are innocent and are still learning and so it is written in a childrens point of view to make the reader in the perspective of Link or with him throughout the novel. He also indicates Next morning Vince started slapping me around the head for going off a worrying mum. He uses this sentence to make people look at Vince like he is in the wrong and he should know better. Swindells uses a teenaged boy because if he had used a grown up person he would not have got that much sympathy from the reader. This would make the reader learn from Links mistakes and the reader was once Links age and might know how it felt for this to happen to them. This quote has been written in Links perspective so the reader would sympathise more with Link afterall there is only one side of the story. The techniques Swindells has used when describing this event is rhetorical questions, personal pronoun, short hand words and amotive language, these techniques makes Link sympathetic and makes the reader feel part of the novel. It is written in the terms of a diary in which Link and Shelter are writing and the reader is reading the diary. This means that the novel has been written in the past. At the end of the chapter it uses a rhetorical question to create tension and make the reader want to carry on reading to find out what happens next. The second way in which Swindells sympathies with the homeless people is through the weather. It was a raw morning with a sneaky wind which came out of side streets and went through you. The way in Swindells says it was a raw morning shows that it was freezing cold and is set in the morning which is the coldest time of the day. Also homeless people cannot afford as many clothes as people with money so they would feel colder and would want to go indoors to get out of the coldness in the winter. Weather tends to indicate mood and emotion so they would feel more depressed and angry. The reader would sympathise with Link and the other homeless people because they might know how it feels to be in this situation and would refer it to Link and the other characters. The technique Swindells uses in this chapter is speech, plurals and long sentences. These techniques make the chapter more motive and shows the reader whats going on. The third way in which Swindells makes Link sympathetic is also through dangers of homelessness Gizzit, if you dont want your face smacked in This shows that it is very dangerous being all alone with a world of people you dont know and Link is very young and vulnerable and cannot fully stand up for himself. This is how people would sympathise with homeless people. The language he uses is slang to show that these homeless or violently behaved people do not get an education or even good vocabulary. Also it seems realistic and true to make the reader thinks that that it is really happening or already happened. The techniques Swindells has used for this chapter is speech, slang and long sentences. He has used long sentences to make the novel more exciting and has used speech to make you feel like you are listening to them speak to one another. The forth and final way Swindells creates sympathy for Link is when he discovers that Gail had betrayed him when he found out she was really a reporter. Louise darling he blurbed youre a genius Gail had broken our clinch. I looked around for a Louise darling but there was only me and Gail. Then it hit me. He was talking to Gail. Therefore this shows that Link is still growing up and furthermore facing problems that you receive whilst growing up. On the other hand people make mistakes and have to deal with them. The technique he uses are short sentences to make it seem more dramatic. Throughout the novel Swindells has sympathized with Link and the homeless people in many different ways. The structure he had used is that he is miserable at the beginning, gets happier when meets Ginger, gets upset again when he loses him then he meets Gail and gets happier and later gets humiliated when Link got betrayed by Gail. Swindells makes you feel sorry for him are that he was young, vulnerable and all alone trying to survive on the streets of London. The writer does this by using different techniques like slang, speech, short and long sentences. Swindells also shows that Link is all alone facing the problems of life as he grows up, furthermore he involves the reader into the book and makes them want to read more. Nevertheless, I think that this book was satisfactory but could have had some improvements. The good points about book was that it was very interesting and made you want to carry on reading and makes you feel extremely sympathetic towards Link. The bad points about stone cold was that it was a bit obvious what would happen towards the end of the book because good always defeats bad. It has many themes and teaches the reader how it feels to be homeless. Homelessness is a major talking point in the world today and always will be. I have learnt that dramatic tension can be symbolized and shown in many different ways. There are one of the purpose of writing a novel as you get to read all these crucial points. This novel is a cyclical book and will probably never end. As you know towards the end, Link will probably have a lot more adventures throughout his life.

Management Of Organisations: Virgin Group

Management Of Organisations: Virgin Group Virgin is a leading branded venture capital (Virgin, 2011) organisation and is one of the worlds most recognised and respected brands, which was founded by the business tycoon Richard Branson. Virgin Group is classed as a Private Limited Company by Companies House. Virgin Group date of incorporation is listed as 1985 (Companies House, 2010), however, business and trading activities originally started in 1970 (Virgin, 2011). Virgin Group has gone on to grow very successful businesses in core sectors ranging from music to transportation, travel, financial services, media, drinks, books, gaming and fitness etc (Virgin, 2011).Virgin has created more than 300 branded companies worldwide, employing approximately 50,000 people, in 30 countries. Global branded revenues in 2009 exceeded  £11.5 billion (Virgin, 2011). The Virgin Group is structure is quite interestingly complex, although numbers of people recognise the Virgin Group to be a single business entity but this may not be the case. In actuality, each of the Virgin brand companies operates as a separate business entity (Grant, 2005). Although, Richard Branson holds full ownership and control of the Virgin Brand, the commercial set-up of the companies using the Virgin name is varied and complex (Grant, 2005). Even though each of the 300 companies operates as a single entity, Branson completely owns the majority of them either individually or through family trusts and is holding majority stakes in the others. However, occasionally, Richard Branson simply licenses the Virgin brand to a company that has purchased a division from him such as Virgin Mobile USA Australia, Virgin Radio and Virgin Music. (Grant, 2005). However, what connects the companies is use of the Virgin trademark, Bransons roles as chairman and shareholder and his managemen t role as the face of virgin in publicity, public and government relations. He also has responsibility for appointing senior executives (Grant, 2005). Appendix 1 illustrates the structure of the Virgin Group of companies, including some major operating companies and the holding companies that own them. Firstly, the report will explore and analyse theories relating to organisational culture for example, definitions, level and types of organisational culture, and will look at the way these theories relate to the Virgin organisation. Finally, leadership styles will be addressed with key theories supporting the importance of leadership and different types of leadership skills. In relation to the Virgin case study the particular value of the transformational type of leadership and the importance of team development will be highlighted. Case Study Analysis 2.1 Organisational Culture Organisational culture plays an important role within any organisation. Although the majority of us will have our own understanding of organisational culture, it is a universal concept that is difficult to define or explain precisely (Mullins, 2007, p. 721). It has been explained, for instance, as the dominant values espoused by an organisation (Deal Kennedy, 2000), whereas, Bower (1966) simply described it as the way things are done around here. However, despite there not being a unanimous accepted definition, there is a common theme within Deal Kennedy (2000) and Bower (1966). Their definitions uncover a central theme, that is, organisational culture refers to a system of shared meaning. A more detailed definition is: The collection of traditions, values, policies, beliefs and attitudes that constitute a pervasive context for everything we do and think in an organisation. (Mclean and Marshall, 1993 cited in Mullins, 2007) This clarifies that organisational culture is a mixture of customs and practices and the beliefs and attitudes that these are based on that make up the way of working and the approach of an organisation. According to Mullins (2007), the culture of an organisation is also often likened to the personality of an individual; this could be said of Virgin. Virgin describes it culture and brand as making a difference. Virgin stands for value for money, quality, innovation, fun and a sense of competitive challenge (Virgin, 2011). These traits are often used to describe Richard Branson, founder and chairman or the Virgin Group. The company aims to deliver a quality service by empowering its employees and facilitating and monitoring customer feedback to continually improve the customers experience through innovation (Virgin, 2011). It is evident that Virgins values and approach to business appeal to the customers and create an adventurous spirit in the organisation that has contributed to its success which has enabled it to branch out into other sectors such as those described above. Levels of Cultures To help understand culture more, Schein (2010) has categorized the places where culture is found into three fundamental categories (Figure 1), each category is recognized by its visibility and accessibility by individuals. The deeper one gets, the more difficult it is to discover the culture. Figure 1 Scheins Three Levels of Culture Source: (Buchanan Huczynski, 2007, p. 622) Scheins first level is known as Artifacts, it is the most visible level out of the three. It refers to the observable things that a culture produces. It includes both physical objects and behaviour patterns that can be observed freely through what you see, hear and feel in an organisation, for instance, the architecture and physical surroundings; its products; its technologies; its style (shown through clothing); its published values and mission statement; its language and humour; its myths and stories. In the case of Virgin their uniform is consistently red, their language style is informal hip and the company has its own myth that Richard Branson always walks around with a notebook to record and pick up on every creative idea from employees and how he surprises employees with trips to his islands. The next level is less visible and is referred to as the espoused values level. It is the beliefs and values, sometime unspoken shared within an organisation and its members, that have meaning and worth to the founders and senior management of an organisation (Buchanan Huczynski, 2007). The espoused values may have their roots and be based on values that were learnt through childhood whether its religious, societal or moral upbringing (Buchanan Huczynski, 2007). These values can give the organisation its distinct character and provide a sense of direction for employees. The Virgin Group has a distinct organisational culture which is characterised by its founders individual values, personality and personal style the company reflects his ambition a drive for success coupled with his informal anti-corporate approach, very much a product of his upbringing and the popular culture of his time (Grant, 2005). Finally, located at Scheins third level, known as the deeper level of cultural analysis are Basic Assumptions. This deeper level is more commonly known as the hidden beliefs and assumptions or shared tacit assumptions. Basic Assumptions are essential, often unaware, determinants of an organisations attitudes, thought processes, and actions. These assumptions are central to its culture. Values that gain long-term acceptance often become so embedded and taken-for-granted that individuals are usually unaware of their influence. They usually provide a tacit sense of security and an unquestioned thrust for perceptions and behaviour. Scheins three levels of culture has proved to be useful as an approach to analysing Virgin Group organisational culture. Schein (2010) emphasises the fact that if organisational culture is understood fully it can be manipulated and managed within the organisation to meet the organisations purposes. For example, Virgin has been able to use organisational culture to foster loyalty, commitment and hard work within its employees by offering freedom, empowerment and by giving them a sense of being part of something cool and different whist providing social activities. Scheins three level of culture has also help clarified why Virgin Group should give importance to organisational culture; it is a mixture of execution and culture that makes the difference between one organisation to another. Organisational culture is essential; it is the glue that binds everyone together. Virgin Group holds onto the values, symbols, and rituals that have guided them for several years, and anything new that add to the culture should always supports what already exists. In summary, organisational culture maybe identified through companies using Scheins level of culture. Though, Schein (2010) does states that there are no consistently quick ways to identify the cultural assumptions of people in organizations. He does recommends observing, talking to people, collecting archival data, listening to stories, and etc, until a pattern finally emerges. However, organisational culture can be developed through effective leadership, empowered employees, strong development programs, good communications and a real focus on customers. All attributes that Richard Branson uses to run his organisation. One thing that is clear is that the culture which Branson created through his own unique leadership style was one that is strongly influenced by his personal style and personality, making it a difficult model to adopt or mimic if he was to leave. 2.2 Leadership Styles and Team Development Due to the success and efficiency of Virgin Group, the media frequently cover the leadership and management strategies of Virgin Group. Sir Richard Branson is renowned for his vibrant yet competitive leadership style. According to Mullins (2007) and Daft (2002), leadership is essentially a relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people, those people intentionally wish for major changes, and the changes mirror purposes shared by followers and leaders. In the case of the Virgin Group, this means that the style of Sir Richard Bransons leadership cannot be separated from the activities of Virgin Group and the effective teambuilding within the organisation. This supported by Grant (2005) and Jackson (1998) who states that a major contributor to the Virgin Groups success is the inventive leadership style of Richard Branson. This leads us to closely examine Richard Branson leadership styles. In examining Richard Bransons style, his ability as to influence and skill to build a common idea among his employees are renowned. Mintzberg (2009) maintains that you earn leadership from those you lead. He proposes that leadership is about earning the respect of employees, something which Branson appears to do a lot in his career. One of the ways he does this is through his sense of equality and fairness in how he treats people and by promoting flat, non hierarchical structure to run his businesses (Grant, 2005). The early 1980s saw a great paradigm shift in the way of leadership, from transactional to transformational. (Gaughan, 2001). Earlier models to leadership, such as the situational or contingency models of Fiedler (1967), Vroom and Yetton (1973), and Hersey and Blanchard (1969), focused on identifying the styles and behaviours, which predicted effective outcomes depending on a variety of situational factors . In an organisation and environment where constant change is the norm, these authors did not help to offer any advice. During this time, the transformational and charismatic models began to emerge (Bryman, 1992), which comprised ideas such as charismatic and visionary in their concept of what leadership meant. Richard Branson style of leadership is best summarised as a transformational approach (Lussier Achua, 2009). Branson has also been labelled as a transformational leader by management lexicon, for his individualist strategies and his stress on the Virgin Group as an organisation driven on informality and information, one thats bottom heavy rather than strangled by top-level management. According to (Bass, 1985) Transformational leadership is a style of leadership that occurs when leaders broaden and elevate the interests of their people, when they generate awareness and acceptance of the purposes and mission of their group, and when they stir their people to look beyond self- interest for the good of the group. Transformational leaders are frequently compared with others who can adjust quickly to change (Bass, 1985). Branson evidently shows his flexibility and success in adjusting to changing organisational cultures as his been able to bring in new businesses and move into new sector whilst bringing his people with him (Grant, 2005). Studies by Lowe et al. (1996) and Patterson et al, (1995) have confirmed the positive relationship between transformational leadership and performance. This has helped to support why Richard Branson has been able to make Virgin such a success. Bass (1985) states that transformational leadership is more likely reflect social values and to surface in troubled times and change. This lies true with Virgin, an organisation that is centred on constant growth and change, as a result making the transformational style more suitable. For example, of how Richard Branson demonstrated this transformational approach was when he gave Virgin Atlantic employees his personal con tact details and encouraged them to forward any ideas and suggestions for improvements by contacting him directly (Jackson, 1998). Transformational leadership theory implies that this approach of leadership is likely to bring about empowerment and growth among followers (Bass, 1985). However, Howell (1988) states this type of style may cause followers to depend on the leader. This indicates on a psychologically level, followers self esteem and motivation may depend on recognition and positive feedback from the leader. In the case of Virgin group, this may not necessarily an issue despite Richard Branson personality being marked everywhere all through business he still manages to empower his employees with a degree of independence. A study of charismatic and transformational leadership theories suggests that such leaders possibly will achieve influencing followers who personally identify with this style as well as with the colleagues they work with (Yukl, 2002). According to (Conger Kanungo, 1998) personal identification with the leader is down to the leaders charismatic approach and is based on referent power. Similarly, Shamir, House and Arthur, (1993) argues one key way leaders can influence followers is by becoming a role model. Social recognition is another aspect of Richard Branson leadership style worth highlighting. Once individuals associate with a group, they establish their self esteem and self belief to some extent on their belonging to that group, with group failures and successes being faced as personal to the individual (Mael Ashforth, 1992). Followers are inspired by the leader to identify with the group aims and ethics Shamir, House and Arthur, (1993)by connecting the followers self belief to the mission statement of the organisation and goals of the group. The ways in which Richard Branson gets his employees to recognise with the organisation, as well as himself, is through managing the mood of his organisation (Jackson, 1998) . He has been known to be empathic and self aware which has allows him to instinctively takes in how customers and employees feel and estimate the organisations emotional state. According to Salovey et al (2004), emotional intelligence is the ability to precisely tell apart others emotions plus your own. Salovey et al (2004)also states one of the main ways of becoming a triumphant leader is through emotional intelligence, something that Richard Branson has manage to achieve through the way he studies himself and others. Finally, possibly one of the most powerful traits in Richard Bransons leadership style is his persistent determination to accomplish his goals, despite a few obstacles in his way. Zaleznik (2004) states that leaders and managers think about goals differently to one another, leaders tend to be active whilst managers are more reactive. The direction an organisation takes is determined by the influence the leaders uses when changing frame of minds, suggesting expectations and in creating specific objectives and desires. The net outcome of this influence, it changes how people consider what is feasible or desirable in terms of goals. As a result, leaders are able to instil some enthusiasm for particular goals on their followers. Regardless of some negative circumstances mainly external, Richard Bransons persistent shaping of the vision for his company and his ability to infuse these desires to those he hired is the reason for Virgins continues success and growth (Grant, 2005). To summaries, Richard Bransons charismatic way of leadership is one that comes from a largely transformational approach to how he influences those in his organisation. He shows clear skills in his ability to read the emotions of others and to assess the mood of his own culture, while having tremendous skills in how he can adapt his style and approach to the particular situation or context he is in. His drive and determination to succeed has been a key element of his success, something that stems from a combination of genetics and family circumstances. His success in becoming and remaining an effective leader of Virgin is largely due to his willingness and ability to empower individuals within the organisation. Branson has shown sensitivity to the needs of others, such as the need for recognition, growth and achievement. Through his attention to and encouragement of ideas and initiatives, Branson has gotten the support of his subordinates. His authority at Virgin is extended by his fl amboyant and charismatic personality and attention grabbing behaviour, both of which increased his visibility and appeal to staff and the public. Although unique to Branson himself, this style of leadership is one that works very well within the Virgin empire. Conclusion This case study has brought to a light many different strategies that an event manager can utilize in a future role within the event industry as well as to maintain a healthy organisational culture. First suggestion would be to adopt a transformational leadership style. Transformational leadership would allow your employees to work together for one common goal which is essential, especially within the event industry when organising an event. By working together your employees can come together to achieve great things and improve their overall efficiency. My second recommendation would be to utilize delegation. Delegation is a great way to develop the skills of your employees. When management can determine where a person will be most efficient it will help those involved in the project. By putting people in the jobs that they a best suited for it will lead to a more enjoyable and effective working environment. (change to culture) In a nutshell, there is a lot to be learnt from the culture and leadership of Virgin Group. Chairman Richard Branson has created a unique culture that has contributed to the long term success of the company. Although there is a clear distinction between culture and leadership, the company has been able to integrate a blend of each in many aspects of Virgin Group. The transformational leadership has proved to be a valuable tool for executives, managers, and workers alike. Employees within the company have a willingness to work together to expand and improve the company in order to reach their own personal success in life. Personal Leadership skills assessment Looking back at the night before Spy Games Development Day, my initial feelings were excitement, but apprehensive too because I did not know what was expected from me, nor did I know how helpful it was going to be. Thankfully, all that changed after the meeting in the morning. Leadership has played an important role in the completion of our Spy Games tasks especially the first one; it was not the predictable and usual type of leadership. There was no member of the group who emerged as a sole leader, but we as a group shared and took control of the leadership that was needed to complete our tasks. Each member had the chance to voice their opinions, and from there individually we would nominate ourselves for each task we felt most confident in or had knowledge or experience in. Our groups strongest attribute was that we were very organised; this led to better performance and development. Our group was very optimistic, as there was never a situation where a group member was negative even when we failed to complete a task on time, which was why performance was very high and effective. Even though we were not familiar with each other from the beginning, we still managed to work together without much conflict. The one argument we had was on the topic of whether a group member could be a leader for more than one task. We did resolve the conflict which made our group more comfortable with each other. Overall the Spy Games Development Day was a success; I learnt how to share the leadership role with the members within my group. I learnt that performance and development is a big factor in team roles, and learned that conflict is not always a bad thing. Shared leadership does not depend on one person, but on how people act together to make sense of the situations that face them (Doyle and Smith, 2001). In order to achieve an effective leadership and an effectual result at the end of the Spy Games, a shared leadership needed to be present. In some ways shared leadership was present mostly through the outdoor tasks. The primary factor

STRATEGIC BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING OF NESTLE

STRATEGIC BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING OF NESTLE INTRODUCTION: Nestlà © was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlà © and is today the worlds biggest food and beverage company. Sales at the end of 2005 were CHF 91 bn, with a net profit of CHF 8 bn. Nestlà © employ around 250,000 people from more than 70 countries and have factories or operations in almost every country in the world. The history of Nestlà © began in Switzerland in 1867 when Henri Nestlà ©, the pharmacist, launched his product Farine Lactà ©e Nestlà ©, a nutritious gruel for children. Henri used his surname, which means little nest, in both the company name and the logotype. The nest, which symbolizes security, family and nourishment, still plays a central role in Nestlà ©s profile. (Bountypat, 2008) Nestlà © has about 250 000  shareholders, none of whom individually own more than 3% of the shares. As of December 31, 2003, Swiss investors held the major part of the stock (42%) followed by US citizens (22%) and British (10%), French (8%), and German (5%) shareholders. Unfortunately, shareholder identities are not made public under Swiss law, but we do know that Liliane de Bettencourt, heiress to the LOrà ©al fortune and the richest woman in France, has a holding in Nestlà ©. Nestlà © and LOrà ©al have a close relationship dating back to a shareholder pact made in 1974. Nestlà © holds a 26.4% stake in the worlds largest cosmetics group and has right of first refusal over the Bettencourt familys 27.5 percents take for 10 years, but with no obligation to buy. Whilst it is unlikely that Nestlà © will take over LOrà ©al in the immediate future, it could well do so in a few years. It already has cosmeceutical joint ventures with LOreal through Galderma and Innà ©ov. Nestlà ©s vision of making good food central to enjoying a good healthy life for consumers everywhere. This implies gaining a deeper understanding in many areas of nutrition and food research and transforming the scientific advances into applications for the company. (Parakhiya, 2009) Having a broad vision the company is doing its best for their consumers to show the great sense of responsibility. Nestlà ©s aim is to meet the various needs of the consumer every day by marketing and selling food of a consistently high quality. The confidences that consumers have in our brands is a result of our companys many years of knowledge in marketing, research and development, as well as continuity -consumers relate to this and feel they can trust our products. Nestle mission is to strive to bring consumers foods that are safe, of high quality and provide optimal nutrient to meet physiological needs. Nestle helps provide selections for all individual taste and lifestyle preferences (Parakhiya, 2009) (http://www.scribd.com/doc/21544545/ Introduction-Nestle-Was-Founded-in- 1866-by-Henri-Nestle-And LITERATURE REVIEW Since Nestle began over 143 years ago, Nestlà ©s success with product innovations and business acquisitions has turned it into the largest Food Company in the world. As the years have passed, the Nestlà © family has grown to include chocolates, soups, coffee, cereals, frozen products, yoghurts, mineral water and other food products. Beginning in the 70s, Nestlà © has continued to expand its product portfolio to include pet foods, pharmaceutical products and cosmetics too. (Bountypat, 2008) Today, Nestlà © markets a great number of products, all with one thing in common: the high quality for which Nestlà © has become renowned throughout the world. The Companys strategy is guided by several fundamental principles. Nestlà ©s existing products grow through innovation and renovation while maintaining a balance in geographic activities and product lines. Long-term potential is never sacrificed for short-term performance. The Companys priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives. Taste of Nestlà © in each of the countries where Nestlà © sell products. Nestlà © is based on the principle of decentralization, which means each country is responsible for the efficient running of its business including the recruitment of its staff. Thats not to say that every operating company can do as it wishes. Headquarters in Vevey sets the overall strategy and ensures that it is carried out. Its an approach that is best summed up as: centralize what you must, decentralize what you can. Nestlà © is a company which is present in all over the world but It has difference and unique motto to deal in all over the world. Nestlà © believes that they should think about their organizations globally but they deal with people by interacting with them locally. Thinking globally acting locally . ´ SWOT ANALYSIS OF NESTLE Strengths: Nestlà ©s has much strength. Their first is that they have a great CEO, Peter Brabeck. Brabeck emphasizes internal growth, meaning he wants to achieve higher volumes by renovating existing products, and innovating new products. His explanation of renovation is that to just keep pace in the industry, you need to change at least as fast as consumer expectations. (Novak, 2008) Parent support   Nestle India has a strong support from its parent company, which is the worlds largest processed food and beverage company, with a presence in almost every country. The company has access to the parents hugely successful global folio of products and brands. (Amit, 2005) Brand strength   In India, Nestle has some very strong brands like Nescafe, Maggi and Cerelac. These brands are almost generic to their product categories. (Headonist, 2009) Product innovation   The Company has been continuously introducing new products for its Indian patrons on a frequent basis, thus expanding its product offerings. (Headonist, 2009) His explanation of innovation is to maintain a leadership position, you also need to leapfrog, to move faster and go beyond what consumers will tell you. Brabeck has led Nestle into a position to better achieve the internal growth targets (Novak, 2008) Another strength that Nestle has is that they are low cost operators. This allows them to not only beat the competition by producing low cost products, but by also edging ahead with low operating costs. (Novak, 2008) Partnership with other large companies strategy that has been successful for Nestlà © involves striking strategic partnerships with other large companies. In the early 1990s, Nestlà © entered into an alliance with Coca Cola in ready-to-drink teas and coffees in order to benefit from Coca Colas worldwide bottling system and expertise in prepared beverages Acquire local companies -In Asia, Nestlà ©s strategy has been to acquire local companies in order to form a group of autonomous regional managers who know more about the culture of the local markets than Americans or Europeans. Nestlà ©s strong cash flow and comfortable debt-equity ratio leave it with ample muscle for takeovers. Recently, Nestlà © acquired Indofood, Indonesias largest noodle producer. Their focus will be primarily on expanding sales in the Indonesian market, and in time will look to export Indonesian food products to other countries. Relation with Farmers Acknowledging the impact of growing food demand and intensifying water scarcities in its future business, Nestle seeks to improve supplying farmers productivity environmental practices and water usage. The group network of 675 agronomist and 5000 extension workers offer free supporting and training assistance to 112,800 farmers in 21 countries. (Harkort, 2008) Weakness: 1. The main weakness of Nestle is that they were not as successful as they thought they would be in France. The launch in France was in 1994, but since the late 1980s, Danone had already entered the market with a health-based yogurt. (Nazir, 2009) 2. The second weakness is that LC-1 was positioned as too scientific, and consumers didnt quite understand that LC-1 was a food and not a drug (Nazir, 2009). 3. Exports   The companys exports stood at Rs 2,571 m at the end of 2003 (11% of revenues) and continue to grow at a decent pace. But a major portion of this comprises of Coffee (around 67% of the exports were that of Nescafe instant to Russia). This constitutes a big chunk of the total exports to a single location. Historically, Russia has been a very volatile market for Nestle, and its overall performance takes a hit often due to this factor. (Headonist, 2009) 4. Supply chain   The Company has a complex supply chain management and the main issue for Nestle India is traceability. The food industry requires high standards of hygiene, quality of edible inputs and personnel. The fragmented nature of the Indian market place complicates things more. (Headonist, 2009) 5. Nestle also has multiple critical resources. They have a great research and development team. James Gallagher and Andrea Pfeifer were the masterminds behind the research on the La-1 cultures in the LC-1 yogurt. They were also the two that decided on selling LC-1 as a functional food. This enabled Nestle to position the product in a way that differentiated it among the other products in the market. They also have four pillars that Brabeck, Nestlà ©s CEO has identified he believes will help their internal growth worldwide. These are operating excellence, innovation and renovation, product availability, and communication. (Nazir, 2009) OPPORTUNITIES-: Expansion   The Company has the potential to expand to smaller towns and other geographies. Existing markets are not fully tapped and the company can increase presence by penetrating further. With Indias demographic profile changing in favour of the consuming class, the per capita consumption of most FMCG products is likely to grow. Nestle will have the inherent advantage of this trend. (Headonist, 2009) Product offerings   The Company has the option to expand its product folio by introducing more brands which its parents are famed for like breakfast cereals, Smarties Chocolates, Carnation, etc. (Headonist, 2009) 3. Global hub   Since manufacturing of some products is cheaper in India than in other South East Asian countries, Nestle India could become an export hub for the parent in certain product categories (Headonist, 2009) 4. Nestle also has an opportunity of being even a larger market leader in Germany with LC-1. Within two years of launching the product in Germany, they had captured 60% of the market. This was due to the fact that they differentiated the product, and Germans simply preferred the taste. (Nazir, 2009) 4. Another opportunity of LC1 is that, because they are a market leader, they can introduce more health-based products in Germany. (Nazir, 2009) 5 As nestle has more then 9000 brands all over the world .they are increasing their products day by day. With very new changes, like now they are introducing Nestle LEMU Malta Threats: 1. A threat to Nestle is the fact that some markets they are entering are already mature. Danone had an established leadership position in the yogurt market in France. Since Danone was the first to arrive in the market, they have always been the market leader there. (Novak, 2008) 2. Also consumers in France liked the taste of LC-1, but researchers believe they did not repurchase the yogurt because they preferred the taste of DANONE products better. (Nazir, 2009) 3. Competition   The Company faces immense competition from the organised as well as the unorganised sectors. Off late, to liberalise its trade and investment policies to enable the country to better function in the globalised economy, the Indian Government has reduced the import duty of food segments thus intensifying the battle. (Headonist, 2009) .4. Changing consumer trends   Trend of increased consumer spends on consumer durables resulting in lower spending on FMCG products. In the past 2-3 years, the performance of the FMCG sector has been lack luster, despite the economy growing at a decent pace. Although, off late the situation has been improving, the dependence on monsoon is very high. (Headonist, 2009) 5. Sect oral woes   Rising prices of raw materials and fuels, and in turn, increasing packaging and manufacturing costs. But the companies may not be able to pass on the full burden of these onto the customers. (Headonist, 2009) 6. Another threat to Nestle is that there is intense competition in the United States yogurt market. General Mills Yoplait division is the leader in the yogurt market in the United States. Yop lait has been the leader for years and is constantly innovating new health products. (Nazir, 2009) 7. The main threat of Nestle these days is  the campaign led by the International Nestlà © Boycott Committee primarily targets Nescafe, the corporations flagship product. To boycott Nestlà © products until the company stops promoting its baby milk. (Novak, 2008) Another threat now a days is in nestle pure life. As its the leading brand and people prefer Nestle pure life but their may be a threat from Aquafina which is introduced by Pepsi Global competitors: Nestlà © towers over its competitors as the worlds largest food company, proudly proclaiming good food, good life Not so good is Nestlà ©s reputation for corporate abuse throughout its operations, ranging from the marketing of infant formula to the production of its chocolate and bottled water. Nestlà © has been the target of strong international criticism for its aggressive marketing of infant formula in countries with scarce potable water, leading to a reduction in breast feeding and increased risk for infants. Nestlà © is one of the top four water bottling companies in the world, contributing to the problem of plastic waste as well as the usurping of water that should remain a shared resource. (Raj, n.d.) Competitors Cadbury Schweppes Sara Lee -Campbell Soup Smithfield Foods Chiquita Brands Starbucks Coca-Cola Tyson Foods ConAgra Foods Unilever Danone -Vivendi Universal S.A. Dean Foods -Dole General Mills Hershey -H.J. Heinz Company Kellogg Kraft Foods McDonalds PepsiCo Procter Gamble Porters five forces analysis: Analysing the above from the porters framework As we can see above that the company is facing an intense competition in the market by its existing competitors all over the world and is facing a lot of problems because of this in terms of its market share and reputation like in the yoghurt market it is facing intense competition from DANONE along with this it is also facing the threat from substitute products like the Aquafina arising as the competitor of pure life. Hence analysing it from the porters framework we can state that nestle is facing an intense rate of competition from the existing competitors with a fear of losing the market share. CONCLUSION Nestlà ©s overarching principle is that each employee should have the opportunity to develop to the maximum of his or her potential. Nestlà © do this because they believe it pays off in the long run in their business results, and that sustainable long-term relationships with highly competent people and with the communities where they operate enhance their ability to make consistent profits. It is important to give people the opportunities for life-long learning as at Nestle that all employees are called upon to upgrade their skills in a fast-changing world. By offering opportunities to develop, they not only enrich themselves as a company, they also make themselves individually more autonomous, confident, and, in turn, more employable and open to new positions within the company. Enhancing this virtuous circle is the ultimate goal of their training efforts at many different levels through the thousands of training programs they run each year. Suggestions and recommendations: As Nestle is the best company all over the world but there is some recommendations and suggestions. 1. Their prices are little bit higher so they should low their prices to increase their Customers. 2. About 70 % people use their products why the rest dont use them they should conduct survey and concentrate on those facts why they are not using their products. 3. They should also improve their advertising. Their advertising doesnt pay long term effect in the mind of customers. 4. About 17% people are not satisfied from the taste of Nestle so nestle has to improve its taste. 5. Due to a great demand of nestle Milk now a days there is a shortage of nestle milk in shops sometimes they have to consider this aspect too. REFRENCES: Amit, 2005. My Dream Company Nestle. [Online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/14155655/My-Dream-Company [Accessed 5 February 2011]. Anjaria, H.T.A.J., 2008. Distribution management. [Online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/37532156/Distribution-Management-Nestle-Ppt [Accessed 06 February 2011]. Bountypat, 2008. Nestle History. [Online] Available at: http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Nestle-History/173749?read_essay [Accessed 03 February 2011]. Gerry Johnson, K.W., 2005. In Exploring Corporate Strategy. 7th ed. Prentice Hall. Harkort, F., 2008. In ood Business and the Global Water Challenge: Exploring the Link Between Food Business, Environmental Stakeholders, Farmers, and Water Resources. 2008th ed. Grin Verlag. Headonist, 2009. Nestle SWOT Analysis. [Online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/16728461/Nestle [Accessed 02 February 2011]. Kumari, D., 2008. Strategic Management. [Online] Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/deepakumari/nestle-sm-presentation [Accessed 29 January 2011]. Nazir, U., 2009. SWOT Of Nestle. [Online] Available at: http://mgmt280.blogspot.com/2009/11/swot-of-nestle.html [Accessed February 2011]. Novak, D.J., 2008. Nestle SWOT. [Online] Available at: http://marketingteacher.com/swot/nestle-swot.html [Accessed 4 February 2011]. Parakhiya, V., 2009. Nestle Stratigic Management. [Online] Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/vparakhiya/nestle-2464286 [Accessed 3 February 2011]. Raj, L.P., n.d. Nestle. [Online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/28910655/Nestle [Accessed 28 January 2011]. W, R., n.d. Nestle global Stregy. [Online] Available at: http://www.directessays.com/viewpaper/92539.html [Accessed 8 February 2011].

othello :: essays research papers

Othello, Moorish commander of the armed forces of Venice, had secretly married Desdemona, the much younger daughter of the respected Senator Brabantio. Capitalizing on this news, Othello's ensign, Iago, who had earlier professed his desires to Desdemona without receiving her love in return, sought revenge. Also passed over for promotion as Othello's new lieutenant chief of staff, the Moor having chosen instead a loyal Florentine, Michael Cassio, Iago now devised a scheme to rid himself of these sorry reminders of his own failings. He dispatched his inexperienced follower, Roderigo, to inform Brabantio of the illicit marriage. The thought of a beguiling Moor's marrying his beloved daughter without consent, led the Senator with his guards to Othello's house. However, violence was postponed by the report of an imminent attack on Cyprus from armed Turkish galleys. The Duke of Venice summoned Othello to the senate chambers. When Desdemona appeared and professed her love for Othello, the Duke cleared him of wrongdoing, saying to Brabantio, "If virtue no delighted beauty lack, / Your son-in-law is far more fair than black." Then the Duke directed his courageous commander to lead the Venetian forces to Cyprus in its defense. With his honor intact, and through Desdemona's pleas to remain with her love, Othello gained permission to have her sail with him. For the voyage, Othello entrusted Desdemona to the care of Iago's wife, Emilia, who did not suspect her husband's treachery. Before the soldier band could reach its enemy, a storm destroyed the Turkish fleet and dispersed the Venetian vessels. Fortunately, all of Othello's ships returned safely to Cyprus and Othello and his bride were reunited. Iago's hateful plan turned now to lies and innuendo. Seeing the infatuation his pawn Roderigo had for Desdemona, Iago engaged Rodcrigo in conversation, promising that he could secure for him Desdemona's love: I hate the Moor. My cause is hearted: thine both no less reason. Let s be conjunctive in our revenge against him. If thou canst cuckold him, thou dost thyself a pleasure, me a sport. But then evil Iago demanded a price for Desdemona: Roderigo would have to engage Cassio in a fight during the lieutenant's night watch. Iago further fanned Roderigo's readiness to kill Cassio by claiming that Cassio was Desdcmona's latest love. That night Iago succeeded in getting Cassio drunk, and the brawl turned to riot. By way of reprimand, Othello was forced to demotc Cassio, a severe blow to the high-ranking officer.

Picks Disease Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Pick's Disease Pick's disease is a form of dementia characterized by a progressive and irreversible deterioration of social skills and changes in personality, along with impairment of intellect, memory, and language. In 1892 Arnold Pick, a German neurologist studied a patient who in his life had dementia and lost of speech. When the patient died, his brain shrunk, with the brain cells having died (atrophied) in the specific areas of the brain. In Pick’s disease, the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain are most affected. Changes occur in the cerebral cortex (which is how the frontal lobe is affected.) Pick's disease affects the temporal lobes of the brain in 25%, frontal lobes in 25% and both frontal and temporal lobes in 50% of cases (1). Damage to the frontal lobes leads to alterations in personality and behavior, changes in the way a person feels and expresses emotion, and loss of judgment. On a microscopic level, there is severe neuron damage in the cerebral cortex. The brain cells in these areas are found to be abnormal and swollen. These abnormal cells define Pick’s disease and are called Pick’s cells. Pick’s disease is often confused with Alzheimer’s disease where the degeneration generally affects mostly the temporal and the parietal lobes of the brain (2). When such typical cells are not seen on post-mortem examination but the same areas of the brain are affected by cell death the case may be described as Pick's syndrome (3). In the early stages of Pick’s disease, unlike Alzheimer’s in its early stages, the patient can recognize people and places. Usually, an infected person is diagnosed with "probable Alzheimer’s", it is later discovered that the patient has Pick’s disease (2). There are three stages of the d... ...s exist as an inherited disease in some families. The majority of case studies show that the patients affected have no family history of the disease. The rate of progression varies enormously between people ranging from a duration from 2-15 years (2). The death is usually caused by infection. Medication can be used to treat some of the behavioral problems. Pick’s disease alone is a very mentally and physically draining disease but along with medication, it maybe almost impossible for patients to continue a normal life once they are diagnosed with the disease and begin treatment. Sources 1)Frontal Lobe Dementia and Pick’s Disease, http://www.alznsw.asn.au/library/picks.htm 2)Pick’s Disease from Alzheimer’s Outreach, http://www.zarcrom.com/users/alzheimers/odem/pk1.html 3)CANDID Fact Sheets, http://www.candid.ion.ucl.ac.uk/candid/factsheets/facts1.htm

The 3 Models of Criminal Justice

Compare the three models of the criminal justice process (the Wedding Cake, the Funnel and the Net Models) The criminal justice process is very complex process and varies from state to state. Three models of the criminal justice process as discussed and reviewed in chapter 9 of out textbook are the funnel, wedding and net. (Meyer, Grant 2003) In this essay I will compare these three models of the criminal justice process and give my opinion on which model I think best describes the criminal justice system as it is today.I will also give you a rationale for the choice that I choose. The first model I will discuss is the funnel model. This model looks at how decisions are made at each level in the criminal justice process and sort out those people and cases that it feels should not go through the entire process from those whom it feels should. This process is used as a means of limiting the number cases to a small percentage of cases that have to be resolved by trial advocacy and incar ceration. The process limits the amount of offenders in court and incarcerated at any given time.The benefit of this model is it prevents the criminal justice system from becoming backed up. The truth is the criminal Justice system is already backed up, and crimes are increasing on a daily basis. A common misconception of the funnel process is that it â€Å"lets criminals off,† however this is not true. Most cases are often dismissed or pleas are bargained due to lack of evidence. The truth is that there is not enough money, to prosecute every crime. It is up to the State (States attorney), or The Attorney general which crimes are worth prosecuting, and which one’s need to be thrown out, or plea bargained.The Next model that I will discuss is the wedding cake model; it is referred to as a wedding cake because with this model criminal justice officials decide how to deal with cases according to their informal discretionary definition of â€Å"seriousness. † This model was developed by Samuel Walker, a scholar who analyzed the judicial system. This model divides the criminal justice system up into four different categories: celebrated cases, serious felonies, lesser felonies and misdemeanors this model looks at the seriousness of the charge, the past criminal record of the offender, as well as the relationship of the victim to the offender. At the very top of the cake, the smallest layer represents famous (or rather, infamous) cases that attract a lot of publicity and, unfortunately, often contribute to public misinformation about the criminal justice. † (Meyer, Grant 2003) Lastly I will discuss the nets model. This model allows some offenders to exit the system and go free at certain stages during the criminal justice process; whereas some criminal struggle unsuccessfully to get free and often end up further entangle in the system.This model is designed to give the police desecration to use some criminals as informants to assist them in catching the ring leader. This model is also used as a plea bargaining tool whereas defendants with little information to trade with the prosecutor may get less attractive plea deals than their accomplices in crime that have more knowledge with which to bargain ((Meyer, Grant 2003). This model has become more familiar to me as I was growing up, in Chicago, IL. I knew several guys who would go out and commit crimes together, and brag about it.They would eventually get caught, and end up telling on each other to get lesser time. They also tell about other crimes, to save their skins. I guess it’s a great model to use to get the big guy, or big fish, but I do not agree to turn a blind eye to crime, whether it’s small or big. In my opinion the model I think best describes today’s criminal justice system is the wedding cake model. Much like this model in today’s criminal justice system is broken down into layers. With the first being celebrated cases or cas e that receive much media attention.Than in today’s system we look serious felonies these are cases where bail maybe revoked. The third layer of the cake in this model is lesser felonies’ often in these cases pleas are taken. The final layer is misdemeanor cases. This model gives us a basic understanding of cases is categorized today. Reference The Wedding Cake Model Theory of Criminal Justice; Copyright  © 1999-2011Demand Media, Inc. ; By. Mike Broemmel; retrieved fromwww. howe. com The Courts in Our CriminalJustice System, by Jon’a F. Meyer and Diana R. Grant.Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc Reference the Wedding Cake Model Theory of Criminal Justice; Copyright  © 1999-2011Demand Media, Inc. ; By. Mike Broemmel; retrieved fromwww. howe. comThe Courts in Our Criminal Justice System, by Jon’a F. Meyer and Diana R. Grant. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Courts in Ou r Criminal Justice System, by Jon’s F. Meyer and Diana R. Grant. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Human Physical Appearance

How many times have you formed an impression of someone even before you got to know him or her well? How many times you felt bad because you were judged? Why do people misjudge? It is because, we’re human. We all misjudge all the time. It is easy to misjudge people based on outward appearances. People nowadays are judgmental; they’re basing their behavior towards others through physical appearance. Though appearances people create their own stereotypes and misjudge the other person.It is easy to create a mental prototype through basing something on an individual’s physical attributes. Almost everyone in his or her lifetime has misjudged someone at least once in her/his lifetimes. A lot of times people misjudge others by the way they look and a lot of people do not know how that it can sometimes affect or hurt someone. We know that it is wrong for other people to look upon others and judge them but nobody is perfect. People misjudged others is by their appearance because they think that appearance is everything.In conclusion, everyone has either been misjudged or judged at least once in his/her lifetime. Misjudging someone can be very unfair to others and in some cases you never know when other people are going through the same thing as you had gone through at some point of your life. Nobody should judge a person by their appearance. When people misjudge other people, they don’t give them the chance to experience a good and healthy life without being hurt by what others say and think. Lastly, nobody wants anyone o misjudge other in any kind of way.

Inspiring a Shared Vision

When it comes to inspiring a shared vision, I have an easier time with envisioning the future than I do with enlisting others. I think and imagine with the utmost optimism, assuming all people can and will reach their maximum potential. I envision a utopia of independently motivated people who learn for the sake of learning and achieve for intrinsic satisfaction. This is typical pacesetting leadership. My strength in this area is due to my enthusiasm and excitement for improvement, new beginnings, and becoming the most efficient versions of us. Like Laura Esserman, however, I am not the best at enlisting others to manifest my vision into reality. Overall, my peer reviewers and I think my ability to envision the future is above average. I can see long-term ideas and how different environmental variables will affect the outcome of a project. I enjoy thinking about contingency plans and I usually have a good understanding of what I would like the end result to look like and perform like. For example, I currently work as a web designer at an apparel company in Stafford. I have been working here almost eight months. When I arrived in May to start the job, I had many fantastic ideas already that I wanted to try. However, limitations by the software and the staff forced me to re-assess my vision several times every month. I can still see what I would like the functionality of the website to be in my head, and continue to take every strenuous step forward that I can to achieve this sometimes lofty goal. The problem with my job is that an individual best undertakes creative tasks, yet everyone wants to have input on the website’s design. My weakness in inspiring a shared vision is in persuading others that my way will be the best way in the end. The main reason I pursued an MBA is because I was hoping it would add more credibility to my ideas. I frequently struggle with this as a graphic designer, as well, because everyone has a different idea of what they want the end product to look like. I already know that the client will almost always go with my original idea. I am the hired expert after all, but it takes awhile for others to catch up with what I know. I become frustrated with others’ inputs. I have entertained many of my coworkers’ ideas for the website, almost to the point where it now eclipses my original vision and I have very little task identity. Because of this, I have lost any remaining motivation I had to create an appealing design for the website. I know a week later, a coworker will tell me, â€Å"I really hate the blue. Make it red.† Because I don’t desire constant input on the design of the website, it has made it difficult to enlist others for help in functional areas of the site. I require salespeople’s help in creating showrooms of featured products, as well as marking sale options, for example. When I ask for specific products, I get vague answers from my co-workers. I need them to feel like they have a say in the website’s look, but more importantly, they need to feel accountable for their respective sections of the site. I need to take control of the creative part of the website as an individual, and take the role of a teacher in helping catch everyone up to my vision. I think everyone wants to help out, but they are too busy with their own tasks to get excited about the work I need for them to do for the website. I will do my best to harness my enthusiasm and optimism this week in flushing out the functional areas of the website, maybe working alongside nervous co-workers who don’t have the confidence to make edits to the company’s public website. Once everyone knows their roles and has a uniform strategic idea in their mind, finishing the website should be so much easier than the difficult task it has been for me.

Is college worth it? Essay

In the article, â€Å"Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admission? † by Andrew Hacker and Claudia Dreifus, the authors did research on several colleges around the country to see whether our investment on higher education is really worth the money that we pay for it. The authors believe that universities are the ones responsible for the doubling of tuition costs compared to what they used to be , and not fulfilling the most important objective to student’s which is: â€Å"to challenge the minds of young people† (180). In the article, Hacker and Dreifus outline some things they think would help improve  some of the problems in the college system and a few universities that they like, and tell us why these schools have won their favor. Being an incoming freshman at Grambling State University, I’ve been able to see some of the issues universities can have from budget cuts, to problems with the G- men football team. The main problem I’ve had here were with professors who’ve gotten ahead or above themselves because of their level and tenure. I do agree, however, with Hacker and Dreifus when they said some professors â€Å"have no reasons to improve their teaching† (181). Some of my professors at  Grambling State University are wonderful, were some aren’t as wonderful. Some professors come to class when they get ready, look in their book and write some on the board and talk the whole class time without really teaching us anything. I believe all teachers, no matter what their tenure level is have to remember their main role as a teacher. I agree that it is frustrating if you’re attending a college that expects you to pay a tuition that the college isn’t worth. Hacker and Dreifus reinforce that college is suppose to be a fun journey were you live, get new ideas, and information. In the article â€Å"The New Liberal Arts†, Sanford J. Ungar thinks that a liberal education is what Americans should try to get, not deny. Ungar made 7 points addressing the 7 misconceptions made in his article. The first misconception â€Å"A liberal arts degree is a luxury that most families can no longer afford. â€Å"Career education â€Å"is what we now must focus on† (190). Ungar argues with that misconception by saying jobs are actually looking for people who are educated in liberal arts instead of on specific subject because it produces better broader thinking. The second misconception says  students are having a hard time finding a job because â€Å"who wants to hire somebody with an irrelevant major like Philosophy or French? (191). Ungar quickly argues that not only are liberal art students are having a hard time finding jobs, but everyone else is also because of the failing economy. The third misconception says liberal arts are irrelevant for low-income and first-generation college students. Ungar says,† Its ignorant to think just because a student is first generation don’t mean they can’t receive the same education. † The fourth misconception says that a student should focus on the stem fields because â€Å"that’s where all  the action is† (192). Ungar argues this by saying that sometime the liberal arts take part in the broadcast parts of sciences and mathematics. The fifth misconception says it’s the liberal democrats, who got this country into trouble in recent years. Ungar argues that liberal education really doesn’t have anything to do with politics. The sixth misconception says America is the only country in the world that clings on to old form of post secondary education. Ungar argues this misconception by saying people from other countries are coming to the United States to admire our education like China. Finally the seventh misconception  says that the â€Å"cost of American higher education is spiraling out of control, and liberal-arts colleges are becoming irrelevant because they are unable to register gains in productivity†. Ungar argues this by saying if you choose a small liberal arts school you’ll get more one on one with professors which will lead to more thinking from students. So why does any of this matter? We as college students are putting a lot of money, time, and effort into our education. We should get our money’s worth, and enjoy the experience of it all while we can whether we chose liberal arts major or an S. T. E. M major program. Were not all individuals attending these colleges, but a 1 / 2 generation who all want to make it and be successful in life so it matters! Work Cited: Dreifus, Claudia and Hacker, Andrew. â€Å"Are Colleges worth the Price of Admission? † They Say/I Say: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing. 2nd ed. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, and Russel Durst. New York. W. W. Northon, 2012 179-188. Print Sanford J. Ungar. â€Å"The New Liberal Arts† They Say/I Say: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing. 2nd ed. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, and Russel Durst. New York. W. W. Northon, 2012 190-196. Print POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Similarities and Differences in Sociological Theories of Crime

Sociological theories of crime contain a great deal of useful information in the understanding of criminal behavior. Sociological theories are very useful in the study of criminal behavior because unlike psychological and biological theories they are mostly macro level theories which attempt to explain rates of crime for a group or an area rather than explaining why an individual committed a crime. (Kubrin, 2012). There is however some micro level sociological theories of crime that attempts to explain the individual’s motivation for criminal behavior (Kubrin, 2012). Of the contemporary sociological theories there are three which come to the forefront and which we will examine, social conflict theory, social disorganization theory, and rational choice theory. Social Conflict Theory As the name suggests, social conflict theory is a conflict based perspective. Conflict based perspectives assert that laws that govern what behaviors are criminal and what are not come from a conflict between those in power and those who aren’t (Kubrin, 2012). Social conflict theory basically says that crime is born out of this conflict between those that have power within a society and those that don’t. Those that have the power in a society are the ones that make the laws and therefore make laws which will benefit them and forward their goals and ideals often at the expense of those without power. It is this conflict and the resulting laws regulating what is criminal and what is not that is ultimately the cause of crime. Social Disorganization Theory Unlike social conflict theory, social disorganization theory is based on the consensus perspective. The consensus perspective believes that laws are born out of a consensus of members of a society seeking order within that society (Kubrin, 2012). Social disorganization theory views crime as a result of a breakdown of organization and culture within a society (Warner, 2003). This breakdown of organization and culture within a community leads to a lack of informal social control which in turn leads to higher crime rates especially in the juvenile population (Simons, Simons, Burt, Brody, & Cutrona, 2005). Social disorganization theory asserts that strong levels of connection within a community along with a sense of civic pride motivate individuals to take a more active role in the community therefore acting as a deterrent to crime. Rational Choice Theory The third of the contemporary sociological theories is rational choice theory. In stark contrast to social conflict theory and social disorganization theory which are macro level theories, rational choice theory is a micro level theory (Kubrin, 2012). Rational choice theory focuses on the individual motivation behind criminal behavior. Specifically the idea that the choice to commit criminal behavior is a choice based on a type of risk reward scenario. The person contemplating a criminal act consciously weighs the risk associated with the crime against the reward they stand to gain from the crime. Similarities and Differences Each of these three contemporary sociological theories of crime are similar in that they focus mainly on crime in poor or disadvantaged areas. This focus is obvious with social conflict theory and social disorganization theory but not as much with rational choice theory although it is there. With rational choice theory the concept of what is to be gained from the criminal activity in itself implies that the person is most likely poor or disadvantaged in some way necessitating crime to obtain the things they need or desire. Where these theories differ is their basic concepts of what the actual cause of crime is. Where social conflict theory and social disorganization theory view the causes of crime on a group level, rational choice theory says that crime is caused on an individual level. Likewise, on an even more fundamental level, social conflict theory and social disorganization theory differ in that social conflict theory believes laws regulating criminal behavior are formed out of conflict within a society where social disorganization theory believes laws are formed from a consensus within society. Conclusions Sociological theories of crime are very useful, especially in the prediction and prevention of crime. One of their greatest strengths is their ability to explain crime within a certain group or community. However, the fact that the group or area they most often focus on is poor or disadvantages is one of their greatest weaknesses. Sociological theories fail to account for so called white collar crimes and other types of crimes that occur mainly among more wealthy individuals and in more well off neighborhoods. As with psychological and biological theories, sociological theories have their strengths and weaknesses. To truly understand the nature and causes of crime and to be able to prevent it will take an understanding and blending of many different theories.