Red Cabbage Indicator Prac Write Up Essay

The red cabbage indicator shows how a usual household product such as red cabbage can make a suitable indicator and be able find out if a chemical is either and acid, alkali or neutral. Acids are a chemical that reacts with an alkali neutralising it producing water and a salt. Acids are also commonly found to be sour tasting. Acids react with metals, releasing hydrogen gas and leaving behind a salt they also can conduct electricity. Acids also readily give off hydrogen ions and have a pH level lower than 7. Some more common laboratory acids are Hydrochloric, Sulphuric and Nitric Acids. Sulphuric acids and water are used in car batteries as the electrolyte. Bases or alkali are a chemical that will react with acids and usually have a slimy or soapy feeling on contact with skin. Bases readily accept hydrogen ions and has a pH level that is higher the 7. Bases have a bitter taste and neutralise d by acids, producing water and a salt. Some common laboratory bases are Sodium Hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide and Calcium Hydroxide. Stronger bases are commonly used today in many cleaning products. Indicators help us find wether if a chemical is an acid or base. The scale that is used to find wether a chemical is an acid or a base is the pH scale. The pH scale gives us an indication of the amount of hydrogen ions and goes from 1 – 14, one being the strongest acid and 14 being the strongest base. Many plants and flowers have natural substances which have indicating properties that allow them to be used as indicators. The red colour of red cabbage comes from a molecule called an anthocyanin. Very acidic solutions will turn anthocyanin a red colour. Neutral solutions result in a purplish colour. Alkalis solutions appear in greenish-yellow. Therefore, it is possible to determine the pH of a solution based on the colour it turns the anthocyanin in red cabbage juice. Materials: ↠ Red cabbage leaves (or red flower petals such as carnation, rose or geranium) ↠ 250ml beaker ↠ Hotplate or Bunsen burner, tripod, gauze mat and bench mat ↠ Spotting tile ↠ Dilute (0.1M) Hydrochloric acid ↠ Dilute (0.1M) sodium hydroxide solution ↠ Vinegar ↠ Distilled Water ↠ Filter ↠ Jar ↠ Cloudy Ammonia ↠ Sodium Chloride ↠ Lemon Juice ↠ Shampoo ↠ Dish washing detergent Method: Part A: Making the indicator 1.The cabbage leaves were torn up and placed in the beaker 2.The beaker was heated until the water was gently boiling. The cabbage leaves continued to boil until the water has been strongly coloured red. 3.The cabbage leaves were allowed to cool and then to be filtered, strained or pick Part B: Testing the indicator 4.The cabbage water was added to all wells of the spotting tile and split equally between them. 5.A known acid and base were placed on a spotting tile on the cabbage indicator. The colour was record. 6.The remaining chemicals were placed on the spotting tile and were recorded as in step 5 Safety Assessment: Hydrochloric acid (HCL) is a corrosive liquid – Skin contact: Exposer for a short period/s of time may cause irritation and prolonged exposer may cause burns – Eye Contact: Exposer for a short period of time may cause irritation and may cause burns. – Permanent eye damage may result. To avoid any contact with the substance wear: – Protective Clothing – Safety Glasses – Safety Gloves (Optional) – Closed shoes – Eye contact – immediately hold eyelids open and rinse eye continuously for five – ten minutes – Skin contact – immediately rinse the affected area under water until there is none of the chemical left on the skin – Contact with any other chemical should be treated as this one. – All protective gear listed above should be used in the experiment in the same way. – Hair tied back – Jewellery to be taken off

Hamlet Questions Answered Essay

Question 1: Laertes and Polonius provide several explanations of their reasons for Ophelia to stop seeing Hamlet. Both their opinions appear to be unreasonable, which is evident through their oppressive and restrictive attitudes. Laertes believes Ophelia is beneath Hamlet on social level, therefore he voices that the prince’s, â€Å"choice must be circumscribed.† This is unreasonable as Laertes is diminishing Ophelia’s confidence by referring to the fact that Hamlet’s partner will be chosen for him, and Ophelia would not fit this role, or be considered for it. Laertes continues to refer to Hamlet in a negative matter, stating that his, â€Å"love,† is, â€Å"not permanent,† and, â€Å"the perfume and suppliance of a minute,† meaning it is brief, and temporary. Polonius also presents unreasonable arguments as to why Ophelia should stop seeing Hamlet. The hypocritical nature of Polonius is evident through his commands to Ophelia: â€Å"To thine own self be true,† which is later followed by, â€Å"you’ll tender me a fool.† It is clear that Polonius is only concerned with sculpting Ophelia to act a specific way to ensure that his own reputation is not tainted. Polonius states, â€Å"give every man thine ear, but few thy voice.† This also acts as a contrast to the previous statement, as Ophelia cannot be true to herself if she has to, â€Å"reserve,† her true self. Evidently, Polonius offers an unreasonable opinion to encourage the discontinuation of Ophelia’s relationship with Hamlet. Question 3: Both soliloquies voiced by Hamlet contain similar ideas and concepts, which are crucial to understanding the nature of his character. The two soliloquies present Hamlet as an isolated figure, which is seen by the language such as, â€Å"and thy commandment all alone shall live,† and, â€Å"break, my heart, for I must hold my tongue.† These statements express the mental anguish Hamlet is experiencing in his, â€Å"distracted globe,† a metaphor for his scattered thoughts. The soliloquies also contain elements of hatred towards women. For Hamlet it particularly involves his mother, however he generalises his statement by voicing, â€Å"frailty, thy name is woman!† This is continued in his second soliloquy where Hamlet states, â€Å"O most pernicious woman!† Evidently Hamlet struggles to respect the role of women and the mannerisms of his mother, whom he refers to as a, â€Å"beast,† who married Claudius at a, â€Å"wicked,† speed. Question 6: Hamlet gives signs for potential madness in his first soliloquy, where he desires to commit suicide if it were not for the fact t hat â€Å"God† is, â€Å"’gainst self slaughter.† He refers to his hatred towards the world and it’s, â€Å"weary, stale, and unprofitable,† atmosphere. The negativity towards the nature of the world expressed by Hamlet provides a possible reason as to why he often isolates himself. Isolation is a dynamic that ultimately lead to madness, which is eventually what occurs with Hamlet. Furthermore, the audience obtains an indication of Hamlet’s potential for madness in the scene where he tells Horatio and Marcellus to, â€Å"swear,† their silence in relation to the ghost. Hamlet explains that he will put on an, â€Å"antic disposition,† which means he will, behave in a strange manner. The irony in this statement is that Hamlet does in fact go mad, and he announces this to Horatio and Marcellus as a means of giving himself permission to act, â€Å"out of joint.† Question 7: Claudius attempts to win over Denmark with his charming and manipulative behaviour, which is seen in the irony of his words: â€Å"Our dear brother’s death, the memory be green.† Claudius associates the death of his brother with new life and growth, so when the audience becomes aware of the, â€Å"unnatural,† and, â€Å"foul,† murder he committed, we are confronted with his wickedness. To establish his popularity Claudius repeatedly uses language that signifies national unity such as the, â€Å"jointress of this warlike state,† and â€Å"our hearts†¦our whole kingdom.† This conscious work displayed by Claudius demonstrates his methodology in having Denmark view him as a compassionate and practical King. Question 8: There is a reference to the fact that Denmark is a Catholic country when the ghost states that he was, â€Å"cut off even in the blossoms of my sin/Unhousel’d, disappointed, unaneled;/no reckoning made† This provides evidence for Catholicism as the apparition was not able to confess his sins (died without the Last Rites). A second reference which expresses Denmark as a Catholic country is shown when Hamlet remarks, â€Å"O, that this too too solid flesh would melt/Thaw and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fix’d/ His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter.† This excerpt indicates that Hamlet wished to commit suicide, but cannot as it is considered wrong in the eyes of God, therefore he would not be able to forgive himself in the afterlife. This is why Hamlet wishes he could, â€Å"melt,† which would save him from the guilt he would feel due to self-slaughter. Question 9: There are significant differences between the previous King Hamlet and King Claudius. The audience is given evidence that Old King Hamlet was a respectable and genuine leader through Prince Hamlet’s remark, â€Å"So excellent a king†¦so loving† It is clear the King Hamlet was honest and caring in all his actions; this contrasts with King Claudius’ character, who is scheming and power-hungry, so much so that he murdered his own brother, which he concealed due to his deceptive personality. King Hamlet tackled foreign policies openly and was so good a leader that he defeated Old Fortinbras, which had him take his land for the people of Denmark. King Claudius acts in a less honourable manner, where he leads Denmark on the basis of impressions, similar to politicians as seen in the modern age.

A Portrait of Dorian Gray

Dorian Gray's portrait He began to wonder if we could make psychology absolutely scientific, Sir Henry says how to manipulate it with the power of the mind When Dorian talked about hope of fate and exchange of portrait, he reached a contract with one of his own hooligans, not a contract with the king of darkness I have not. The picture of Dorian Gray starts on the beautiful summer day in the UK Victorian. There, the self-righteous Lord Henry Wharton is observing the painting of Dorian Gray by the sensitive artist Basil Holward. Portrait, this is a handsome young man, Basil 's ultimate muse. Dorian sat next to the picture and heard that Lord Henry supported his hedonistic world view and began to think that beauty is the only aspect of pursuit of life. This urged Dorian that his portrait would like to take years instead of himself. One of the main purposes of the story is a portrait of Dorian Gray. This portrait shows Dorian's sin, evil, and aging so that Dorian can maintain youth and beauty. Dorian Faust exchanged his spirit to express youth and beauty, which enabled this. Initially, basil was afraid to advertise his Dorian's portrait. It is because he revealed the secret of Basil 's soul, afraid that it would show a painter (basil) than the theme (Dorian). According to the explanation, Basil was concerned about his evidence of the traces left by portraits and the charm of Durian Gray, because homosexuality was highly stigmatized in Victorian England. In fact, Dorian was portrayed as innocent, and basil seemed to have seen him. There are literal portraits, but Durian Gray is a portrait. Since operation is art, Henry seems to be amused with his ability to influence and manipulate others, including Dorian. Pictures of Dorian Gray begin in England's Victorian summer and Sir Henry Watton is observing Dorian Gray painted by a sensitive artist Basil Hallword. Portrait, he is a handsome young man, basil's ultimate muse. While drawing a picture for this picture, Durian listens to His major Henry to support his hedonistic worldview, pursuing happiness is the only thing worth pursuing in life I started thinking about it. This urged Dorian to hope his painted image hopes to take his age instead. This book began with the artist's picture by Basil Hallward, Dorian Gray, reminiscent of Grey's aging and loss of beauty. This relationship between portraits is a way to explore the relationship between the outside world and self. How sad it is! I will get old, worse, and it will be terrible, it will be older than this special day in June ... if that is just another way! If it is always young, and that old picture! For this - I give everything! Yes there is nothing I will not give to the whole world! I will pay my soul for it I will!

Does Use an Electronic Health Record Increase the Risk of Breach of Assignment

Does Use an Electronic Health Record Increase the Risk of Breach of Privacy to Clients - Assignment Example Firstly it will be tried to find out why the concept of Electronic Health Record evolved in Ontario and whether this will have any risk of breach of privacy. It will also try to find out whether the risk (if found) is relevant only in the case of Ontario or it may have an impact on the whole of Canada. Next section will try to find what literature say about the benefits and challenges of these private data going electronic. Finally, it will be tried to find out what are the steps that should be taken in future. E-health record helps the doctors to know whether the continuation of the medicines is helping the patient during the course. Electronic medical records keep the data on patients demographics, their medical history lab test results etc accessible by the electronic network system. An effective health care function requires accuracy as well as completeness of the health data. There remains a reduced risk in form of any loss of data that occurs in form of loss of papers via locks and pass-keys. The paper record represents â€Å"massive fragmentation of clinical health information.† (Schloeffel et al., 2003, p.1, as cited by Gurley, n.d.).This not only leads to the cost of information management to increase but also â€Å"fragmentation leads to even greater costs due to its adverse effects on current and future patient care† (Schloeffel et al., 2003, p.1, as cited by Gurley, n.d.). It is very much time-saving also as it brings down unnecessary lab tests. The staffs could readily figure out the problems. Otherwise, the patients have to wait in the emergency ward while the staffs are sorting out the causes. It enables the practitioners to access the medical literature and recent best practices available that help them to carry forward the treatment.  

Attitudes of Arabic (Saudi) speakers toward learning English language Research Proposal

Attitudes of Arabic (Saudi) speakers toward learning English language - Research Proposal Example The attitude of Arabic speakers towards leaning the English language is normally influenced by positive and negative factors. The positive factors influencing the attitudes of Arabic speakers in learning the English language include; motivation, which plays a crucial in the attitudes developed by Arabic speakers in learning the English language. Motivation is essential in the development of attitudes by Arabic speakers towards the English language in that; the lack of motivation for speakers normally result to the loss of interest by Arabic speakers in learning the English language. The lack of motivation, therefore, normally affects the success of the Arabians in learning the English language (Derwing, Et al, 2004). Pedagogic factors also tend to influence the development of attitudes by Arabian speakers towards learning the English language. The learning environment normally plays a crucial role in the development of attitudes by Arabic speakers towards learning the English language. When the learning environment is favorable, it is evident that Arabic speakers are likely to develop positive attitudes towards learning the language. If the learning environment enhances a better understanding of the English language by the Arabic speaker, then it is evident that Arabic speakers will develop a positive attitude towards learning the language. However, unfavorable learning environments normally result to the development of negative attitudes by Arabic speakers towards learning the English language (Edwards & Giles, 2006). The teaching programs also play a role in the attitudes of the Arabic speakers in learning English. To enhance the development of positive attitudes by Arabic speakers towards the English language, it is essential that the learning curriculum is designed in a way that it favors the understanding of the English language by the Arabic speaker. If the curriculum does not favor the

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Global Warming - Essay Example In 1896 a Swedish scientist put forth the position that burning of fossil fuels causes accumulation of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere, which in turn creates a â€Å"greenhouse effect† and elevation of global temperatures. In the 1950s, the notion of global warming cropped up again when G.S. Callender highlighted the dangers of the greenhouse effect (Weart 2003). Weather models developed in the 1960s led to the discovery that the levels of certain gases were rising, degrading the fragile ozone layer in the atmosphere. The summer of 1988 was the hottest one on record with temperatures rising ever since and concerns about global warming have escalated since that time. Weather is truly international, but during the earlier part of the 1900s weather had low priority. Meteorologists and scientists of various countries banded together under the umbrella of the IGY (International Geophysical Year). Drilling of the ice caps commenced in Greenland, yielding the discovery that ice cores held a record of climactic history. This later led to the formation of the GARP (Global Atmospheric research program) which was headed by the Swedish meteorologist Bert Bolin, devoted to weather forecasting and the study of the steadily rising curve of atmospheric Carbon dioxide. Weart (2003) provides a detailed discussion of the phenomenon of climactic changes and the conflicting predictions of scientists on global warming and cooling. He details the IPCC reports of 1995 and 1997, wherein scientific experts predicted that by the middle of the 21st century, the temperature of the world would have increased between 1.5 to 4.50C, figures which have been recently revised upwa rds to as much as 5.50C.(Weart 2003).

Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Trends - Essay Example A recent research reveals that low wage rates and high unemployment contribute to increased crime cases (Grabmeier, 2002). Moreover, it has also been observed by the researchers that less-educated or illiterate men are more likely to adopt criminal behaviours. The possible reason of these criminal behaviours or crime activities involve frustration, family and social needs, lack of basic necessities of life and social isolation. The government has taken many steps on fighting against the crime cases and crime-fighting initiative including punishments, penalties and strict laws, yet, it cannot be ignored that these initiative are limited in their effects. The increasing unemployment along with the inflation prevalence have a profound impact on crime rates. The large unemployed population is compelled to adopt criminal behaviours and meet the needs of their families. Knowing the importance of money and resources in people’s life, it is justifiable to believe that unemployment leads to increased crime rates. People can sacrifice their moral values but not lives. All human beings including the unemployed population have the needs to get food, shelter, proper clothing, education and so on. Hence, most of the unemployed people choose to adopt crimes and violent behaviours to attain these sources of life. The government must also keep an eye on the employment issue while designing any initiative to combat crime

Biology Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biology Research - Essay Example This is due to the light reaction of photosynthesis, which splits the water molecule and releases the oxygen in the process. The sugar would be radioactive in the example where the plant was supplies carbon dioxide with radioactive oxygen. This is a result of the Calvin cycle, which uses the carbon dioxide to process into sugar. Question 2: Some animal species can reproduce either asexually or sexually depending on the state of the environment. Asexual reproduction tends to occur in stable, favorable environments; sexual reproduction is more common in unstable or unfavorable circumstances. Discuss the advantages or disadvantages this pattern might have on the survival of the species in an evolutionary sense or on survival of individuals. Answer 2: Asexual reproduction has the advantage of creating many offspring that are generally mature plants and not as frail as sexual seedlings. They reproduce easily and efficiently and are able to cover a habitat and reduce competition from other species. However, because they are essentially clones, they are sensitive to adverse environments such as pathogens and disease, which could wipe out the entire stand. Sexual plants, dependent on seeds, have the disadvantage of producing seeds which must germinate and grow. This requires ideal conditions to establish new plants.

Climate Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Climate Change - Assignment Example This pertains to the case of United Arab Shipping Company. In attainment of comprehensive discussion, it is vital to consider several aspects of climate change. This pertains to how climate change would affect the United Arab Shipping Company. Additionally, the discussion would examine how the business contributes to the detriment of climate change. In close relation to the same, the paper will discuss possible solutions that the company can afford towards the climate change situation. In a light sense, the company choice, of fuels, for automotives affect climate change. This pertains to combustion that releases carbon to the atmosphere. Oil fuels contain substantial carbon that is released on combustion of the same. In this sense, the carbon achieves its way into the atmosphere (Williamson 2008, p. 162). Such carbon contributes to the menace of climate change in the sense of destroy the ozone layer. In this perspective, it causes global warming. It is vital to provide a brief backgr ound to the company. The company is a large entity that was formed in 1976. Six states, of the Persian Gulf, formed this entity in the view of linking the same to the rest of the world. This pertains to Kuwait, Iraq, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE (UASC 2012, p. 67). The company possesses a corporate office in Dubai. In addition, it operates from various continents such as North America. The company operates by shipping traditional and containerized cargo. UASC is a critical company, as regards climate change, because it is one of the largest shipping companies in the world. Shipping companies are responsible for climate change in notable ways. To begin with, it is vital to note that ships and heavy vehicles utilize high proportions of oil fuel. In case of heavy oil fuel’s combustion, a high proportion of carbon dioxide finds its way into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is an environmentally destructive gas because it interferes with the operations of the ozone layer . The ozone layer thus allows for destructive levels of radiation. It is vital to note that such intensity, of radiation, amounts to global warming. This causes concern because further emissions would contribute towards worsening the situation of climate change. There are notable ways in which the shipping company can contribute towards efforts against climate change. Efforts are divisible into those that are immediate to the company’s reach. Other efforts demand a different level of commitment and use of resources. It is vital to note that there are organizations, such as UAESA (the United Arab Emirates Shipping Association), that commits towards mitigating climate change. They utilize their own operations in conducting such solutions. This regards the idea that the shipping industry contributes towards emission of green house gases. The fundamental view of climate change, according to this organization, regards the view that shipping contributes to 90 percent of world trade . The danger of shipping, towards climate, pertains to the view that ships carry significant weight of cargo. One of the UAESA’s notable initiatives pertains to design of ships. The organization has proposed a design index that entails innovation for new ships. An appropriate example regards having slippery bottom coatings on ships. In addition, these innovations entail air cushion streaming (UNEP 2007, p. 12). This is coupled with voluntary utilization of atmosphere friendly fuels and oils such as the lube types. In close relation to

Hunting Snake by Judith Wright Essay Example for Free

Hunting Snake by Judith Wright Essay First of all remember that we would never know what exactly the poet is trying to mention and non of the comments can said to be ‘wrong’ Great black snake represents the aborigin people in Australia and the person who gets scared of this snake is an English occupier. The word black is simply you can understand that it means black people and snake is a wild animal who lives on their own land but humans are the occupiers and the writer at the same time fears and admires the snake while the snake fled which mean the snake is also afraid of the people. As you can understand in present time, English people have started moving to Australia in order to get that place and the aborigins, the original people of Australia is being ignored at the same time we admire them but this admire is so extreme and unnecessary that we make them feel like theyre wild animals. And if you ever go to Australia, you would see that the tour guides would show the local people of Australia, the aborigins with their hands and we would admire them but we will never chat with them or have any talk between as we are scared and this is also the way we treat the wild animals. In the first stanza, we can see a perfect Picture of the atmosphere. The sky is in ‘gentlest’ way despite when the person sees that ‘great’ ‘black’ snake, we can understand that with using the word ‘great’, person admires the snake. But why is the word ‘black’ is used? As you can understand the color black represents darkness which humans fear. Also don’t we talk about racism, the ‘black’ and white people. We treat the black people as the same way, we act like they’re aliens, like they’re different from us and also we show an unnecessary amount of admire which makes them more alienated.

Teamwork advantage and disadvantage

Teamwork advantage and disadvantage List and describe three advantages and three disadvantages of teams. From your personal experience, provide an example of one of the advantages and one of the disadvantages. â€Å"Although teamwork has many advantages, it also has a number of potential disadvantages.† â€Å"When teams are successful, they improve productivity, creativity, employee involvement, and even job security.† â€Å"At their worst, teams are unproductive and frustrating, and they waste everyones time.† (Thill and Bovà ©e, 2008, pgs 40 41) Some advantages include: 1) Increased information and knowledge — By bringing together subject matter experts from several areas of a company gives decision-making teams access to the most information possible; 2) Increased acceptance of a solution — People who are part of making a decision would most likely be the best in helping support, and effectively encouraging others to accept the decision, and 3) Higher performance levels — Working in teams and brainstorming can actually drive an individual to think out of the box. Teams give one the sense of belonging, of self-worth, dignity and also reduce any stress or tension there may be between workers. A personal example of being on a team that had the advantage of increased information and knowledge was in helping the developer of a Customer Relationship Management database by having everyone on the team give specifics as to what was expected out of this database. Within six weeks the database was up and running, with a few tweaks here and there since then, but is still up and running today. Some disadvantages include: 1) Groupthink — Groupthink occurs when individuals are intimidated, or pressured, into acting a certain way by thinking their opinions are not worth hearing. When in the end, their opinions may actually have been better than the end decision; 2) Hidden agendas — Some team members may have motives of trying to undermine another team member, or that they just simply want to take control of the group; and 3) Free riders — Free riders are individuals who show no enthusiasm and make no contributions to the decision-making process. A personal example of being on a team that had the disadvantage of having a free rider was during a two-day class that had various activities as a whole. In one of the activities, we were put in groups of five, were given a topic to discuss and list the reasons/outcomes, and then to present it to the entire group. Since this was not a graded activity, the group chose the free rider to make the presentation. The free rider was not too happy with this group decision, but realized if they would have participated, that someone else may have actually volunteered to make the presentation. The free rider made the presentation with as little enthusiasm as shown during the group activity. Whether youre working on an informal team, which the two most popular types are problem-solving and task forces, or on a formal team that is a committee, companies rely heavily on these teams. Teams can help bring about quicker solutions to problems or ideas that can help the company in the marketplace. This is because the members are employees that should have a vested interest in the company. List and define the three types of listening. Listening is a primary activity. â€Å"Understanding the nature of listening is the first step toward improving your listening skills. People listen in a variety of ways, which influences what they hear and the meaning they extract. In fact, relying on a single approach to listening limits your effectiveness.† (Thill and Bovà ©e, 2008, pg 53) Here are three of the major types of listening: 1) Critical listening — Critical listening is analyzing and understanding the speakers message. There are four factors in determining the speakers intentions: logic, evidence, conclusion, and implication. If you feel that any important information was omitted from the message, ask questions to deter any bias in the way the message is being presented; 2) Empathic listening — Empathic listening is being able to truly understand the emotions behind the speakers message, their feelings, their needs, their wants, and their true passion behind their message. Even if you disagree with their perspective, let them know you understand and can appreciate their feelings; and 3) Active listening — Active listening is the ability to turn off your own biases and filters and to show the speaker, by asking questions and also giving supportive feedback, that they truly understand the message the speaker is presenting. â€Å"The importance of listening in communication is enormous. People often focus on their speaking ability believing that good speaking equals good communication. The ability to speak well is a necessary component to successful communication. The ability to listen is equally as important. Listening takes work and when it comes to improving our communication there is no getting around that.† (http://EzineArticles.com/210731) Describe two instances in your life when you either used or observed nonverbal communication. Define the type of nonverbal communication using the information in the text and discuss how it affected the conversation. â€Å"Paying special attention to nonverbal signals in the workplace will enhance your ability to communicate successfully. Moreover, as you interact with business associates from other backgrounds, youll discover that some nonverbal signals dont necessarily translate across cultures. The range and variety of nonverbal signals are almost endless, but you can grasp the basics by studying six general categories.† (Thill and Bovà ©e, 2008, pg 57) Below are two instances in my life where Ive used and observed two out of the six categories, â€Å"personal appearance† and â€Å"facial expression†. I was interviewing a potential employee to work in my restaurant. This individual had several tattoos and body piercings. Now considering that a front-line employee is the first person a customer sees when they come into a restaurant, this is not the impression I wanted my customers to have. Based on the position that this person was interviewing for and that they are coming to an interview dressed this way, they were non-verbally telling me by their personal appearance, that this is what I should expect of them if they were to come to work for me. I truly had a hard time focusing on any of their responses as I couldnt understand how they thought this type of appearance was acceptable to be hired for any type of position in an establishment where they would be dealing with the public. Needless to say, this person was not hired to work at my restaurant. An instance of observing nonverbal communication was during a mandatory meeting that was called at work and during the meeting one particular individual stood out as you could hear him making little snide remarks about what the speaker was saying, and then used the facial expression of rolling his eyes. This individual also would use posture such as slouching in his chair for awhile then he pulled out his cell phone and started to text. The meeting was actually very informative about a new product the company was developing and was asking for everyones input on ideas for marketing. Since this individual was not listening during the meeting, in the end when we all got back to our desks, he had to go around and ask other co-workers what it was he was supposed to do. Most of the workers told him he would need to go ask his supervisor. Whether he did or not, no one knew, nor did anyone know if he turned in his idea. He was around for about another 2 months, and then we heard he had found another job and wouldnt be back. â€Å"Good communication skills can help you in both your personal and professional life. While verbal and written communication skills are important, research has shown that nonverbal behaviors make up a large percentage of our daily interpersonal communication†. (http://psychology.about.com/od/nonverbalcommunication/tp/nonverbaltips.htm) Nonverbal communication has the potential of sending out the wrong message, whether its misinterpreted, or if what you say doesnt match your actions. Describe the measures that help team members resolve conflict. It is inevitable that at some point in ones professional career they will be on a team where conflict arises. There are numerous reasons for conflict: lack of clarity, decisions have already been made on their own and are unwilling to discuss any further, different values, past history/personalities, or one believes there is completion for some type of resource. There are measures to help team members resolve conflicts — Proaction, communication, openness, research, flexibility, fair play, and alliance. Here are descriptions of each of the conflict resolutions as mentioned: 1) Proaction is when you work out, deal with, a minor conflict before it erupts into a major conflict; 2) Communication is needed to resolve a conflict. This is accomplished by getting those directly involved to communicate to resolve the conflict; 3) Openness is getting all feelings out in the open, and then the main issue at hand can be dealt with; 4) Research is the need to get the facts for the problem before being able to determine any solutions for the problem; 5) Flexibility is being able to be open-minded. Dont let anyones stubbornness get in the way of them being able to consider other solutions to the problem; 6) Fair play is not letting anyone hide behind the rules to avoid getting a fair solution; and 7) Alliance is fighting together as opponents of the outside force, rather than fighting against each other. In order to achieve a win-win solution, teams must be aware of, and learn how to keep destructive conflict from diverting their focus and energy, and also how both sides can satisfy their goals, at least to an extent.

Home Schooling Essay -- essays research papers

Some 20 years ago only a mere 50,000 children were home schooled, and that was mainly by hippie parents who wanted to protect their children from what they called â€Å"the system.† Now it is estimated that nearly 1.5 to 2 million children are now schooled at home each year, dissatisfaction with the American public school system being the number one reason (Crary). Since most home schooling families can’t afford it, they choose not to send their kids to a good private school. In the next few paragraphs, I will speak of the pros and cons of home schooling children and the fundamentals of home schooling. Here’s a fact, the 2000 champion of the Scripps Howard National Spelling Bee is a home-schooled student and 27 of the 248 spelling bee contestants were also home schooled (Zitterkopf). Lisa Kander believes that home schoolings flexibility with learning and not being on a set time table like public schools is what attributed to the success of her children being able to read, write, and do mathematics far above their grade levels. Sabrina Matteson say’s that she can get work accomplished in 3 hours what it would take in a public school 6 hours because there are no recesses, standing in lines, or slow children. I found that most children who are home schooled have accomplished playing at least 1 musical instrument because of the time saved in the day. On standardized national tests and achievement, it was found that home schooled children scored better than 70-80% of public schooled ...

Comparing Do not go gentle into that good night and When I consider how

Comparing Dylan Thomas's poem Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night and John Milton's poem When I consider How My Light Is Spent Dylan Thomas's poem "Do not go gentle into that good night" and John Milton's poem "When I consider how my light is spent" were written during times of trouble in their respective poet's life. Thomas was faced with losing his father to death; Milton was dealing with becoming completely blind at the age of forty-three. As each poet struggles to deal with the crisis occurring in his life, he makes a statement about the relationship between mankind and God, the reasons that God gives and then takes away certain gifts, and the proper way to live life. Thomas and Milton ended up with contrasting answers to these fundamental questions about life. The poets' use of personal events in their lives as a topic and their use of the personal pronouns "I" and "my" resolve possible questions of voice in both poems. Because Thomas refers directly to "my father" (line 6) and Milton opens his poem with the line "When I consider how my light is spent" (1), the reader can, with some basic knowledge of the history of each poem, reasonably assume that the poet and the speaker are interchangeable. Both Thomas and Milton chose to share their private thoughts on intensely personal matters with the world through their poems. By drawing from their own experiences, the poets give these works a tone that resonates with the reader because he/she can connect the words of the poem with his/her own life. Thomas and Milton present contrasting views of the relationship between mankind and God or the inevitable events of life. Thomas sees humans as having some degree of control; his father may not be able to live forever, bu... ...erent men at very different points in history, but both poets were struggling with difficult situations and trying to decide how they should react. Although their final conclusions are completely opposite , the raw emotion behind each poem resonates with the reader whether the poem is 45 or 345 years old. The human struggle to understand life, regret, and why God gives and withholds certain gifts will continue as long as humanity exists; each person who considers these questions will come to his/her own personal conclusions just as Thomas and Milton did. Works Cited: Milton, John. "When I Consider How My Light Is Spent." The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Compact Edition. Ed. David Damrosch. New York: Longman, 2000. Thomas, Dylan. â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night.† Literature and Ourselves. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, 1997.

Use of Storm Imagery in Villette and Frankenstein Essays -- comparison

  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Romantic and Victorian periods saw a flowering of imagery: for the Romantics, because it often proved the best way to express their vague philosophical yearnings and ideas; for the Victorians, because societal taboos all too often prevented discussion of topics unless they were "coded" in acceptable images. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Charlotte Brontkà ©'s Villette, despite springing from these two different periods of literature, share a type of symbol. In each "bildingsroman," storms provide a dominant textual metaphor for violent and confusing turning points in the main character's development. For Lucy Snowe, storms usher her along in her development from shy, frigid nursemaid to more open, self-sufficient school-mistress: though fearful and traumatic, the storms, and experiences, tend to mold and enhance her personality. But for Victor Frankenstein, storms punctuate his relationship with his horrid creation, and show his steady dissolution towards tragedy a nd attempted revenge.    Villette practically opens with a storm: after the initial exposition, Lucy tells of how "it was a wet night; the rain lashed the panes, and the wind sounded angry and restless" on the evening when Polly Home first arrived. This admittedly minor change in her life still presages, in its stormy accompaniment, the larger turning-points in her life that storms are to indicate. Indeed, Lucy's stay with Polly and the Brettons is immediately followed by her famous and unexplained "shipwreck" image that begins Chapter IV. Whether it represents forced incest or merely financial reversals and deaths in the family, it is this storm which produces much of the cool reserve and surfeit of reason that troubles Lucy through the rest of the novel.... ...xiles at Home: A Story of Literature in Nineteenth Century America. Lanham: University Press of America, Inc., 1984. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley. Her Life, her Fiction, her Monsters. Methuen. New York, London, 1988. Shelley, Mary.   Frankenstein   New American Library edition, 1983. Patterson, Arthur Paul A.   Frankenstein Study. http://www.watershed.winnipeg.mb.ca/Frankenstein.html    You may wish to place the following quotes at the beginning of the paper for a stronger impact.   "These strange accents in the storm -- this restless, hopeless cry -- denote a coming state of the atmosphere unpropitious to life." (Brontà ©, p. 46) "This almost miraculous change of inclination and will was... the last effort made by the spirit of preservation to avert the storm that was even then hanging in the stars and ready to envelop me." (Shelley, p. 41)   

Ezekias Is Considered One of the Finest Painters

Ezekias was an ancient Greek vase-painter and potter, who worked between approximately 550 BC – 525 BC at Athens. Ezekias worked mainly with a technique called black-figure; Ezekias is considered the most original and most detail-orientated painter and potter using the black-figure technique. To determine whether Ezekias was the best black-figure artist of all time, we have to first consider the other black figure artists that are among the best, and compare the work of Ezekias to them.From this, one can then determine an opinion over whether or not Ezekias was the best, or just among the best. Other fine black-figure artists include the Amasis Painter, Sophilos, the Gorgon Painter and Kleitias. Ezekias mainly illustrates historical writings and shockingly realistic interpretations of Athenian life. The styles of the vases appears noticeably different from eight century BC Geometric art featuring abstract motifs and instead show human portrayals that appear to emerge from the painting.A painter of heroes, Ezekias demonstrates his careful attention to detail and insight into Greek mythology with his most famous work: the amphora vase at the Vatican showing Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game. Unlike earlier Athenian black-figure vases of Kleitias the surface of the vase is not divided into horizontal bands; rather, monumental figures are shown in profile view in a single large framed panel. When comparing Ezekias’s amphora to other works of art of the period, it is clear that the artist is working towards finding a freer world.Where there was rigidity in the forms, there is now a mix of sternness and charm. He appears much less interested in violent action than previous and focuses more in soft deliberate movements and small though not insignificant activities that last for some time and reflect a realistic view of Athenian life. The details and decorations of the clothes on the amphora with Achilles and Ajax are engraved with particular care. Th is is evident in details such as the pattern on the heroes’ cloak, highlighted with delicate touches of white.The figural and ornamental motifs that are characteristic of the black-figure vase painting brilliantly stand out against the red clay background. The arch formed by the backs of the two warriors reflects the shape of the amphora. This shape is echoed throughout the piece, appearing again in the space between the heads and spears of the two men. Unlike some other painters of the time, Ezekias has planned his vase well and therefore had no problem in fitting his characters onto the ase without making them seem out of proportion, which several painters seemed to have a problem with, such as the Gorgon painter on the Dinos where some of the figures protrude into the frieze line. The Attic black-figure style appears to be well-developed, with figures being rendered in a mature archaic style much influenced by contemporary developments in sculpture from the Geometric and O rientalization period. Ezekias excels in painting and in finely engraved detail, and succeeds where others have failed, in endowing his figures with mood and emotion, as well as the capacity for action.

Chapter 35 Veritaserum

Harry felt himself slam flat into the ground; his face was pressed into grass; the smell of it filled his nostrils. He had closed his eyes while the Portkey transported him, and he kept them closed now. He did not move. All the breath seemed to have been knocked out of him; his head was swimming so badly he felt as though the ground beneath him were swaying like the deck of a ship. To hold himself steady, he tightened his hold on the two things he was still clutching: the smooth, cold handle of the Triwizard Cup and Cedric's body. He felt as though he would slide away into the blackness gathering at the edges of his brain if he let go of either of them. Shock and exhaustion kept him on the ground, breathing in the smell of the grass, waiting†¦waiting for someone to do something†¦something to happen†¦and all the while, his scar burned dully on his forehead†¦. A torrent of sound deafened and confused him; there were voices everywhere, footsteps, screams†¦.He remained where he was, his face screwed up against the noise, as though it were a nightmare that would pass†¦. Then a pair of hands seized him roughly and turned him over. â€Å"Harry! Harry!† He opened his eyes. He was looking up at the starry sky, and Albus Dumbledore was crouched over him. The dark shadows of a crowd of people pressed in around them, pushing nearer; Harry felt the ground beneath his head reverberating with their footsteps. He had come back to the edge of the maze. He could see the stands rising above him, the shapes of people moving in them, the stars above. Harry let go of the cup, but he clutched Cedric to him even more tightly. He raised his free hand and seized Dumbledore's wrist, while Dumbledore's face swam in and out of focus. â€Å"He's back,† Harry whispered. â€Å"He's back. Voldemort.† â€Å"What's going on? What's happened?† The face of Cornelius Fudge appeared upside down over Harry; it looked white, appalled. â€Å"My God – Diggory!† it whispered. â€Å"Dumbledore – he's dead!† The words were repeated, the shadowy figures pressing in on them gasped it to those around them†¦and then others shouted it – screeched it – into the night – â€Å"He's dead!† â€Å"He's dead!† â€Å"Cedric Diggory! Dead!† â€Å"Harry, let go of him,† he heard Fudge's voice say, and he felt fingers trying to pry him from Cedric's limp body, but Harry wouldn't let him go. Then Dumbledore's face, which was still blurred and misted, came closer. â€Å"Harry, you can't help him now. It's over. Let go.† â€Å"He wanted me to bring him back,† Harry muttered – it seemed important to explain this. â€Å"He wanted me to bring him back to his parents†¦.† â€Å"That's right. Harry†¦just let go now†¦.† Dumbledore bent down, and with extraordinary strength for a man so old and thin, raised Harry from the ground and set -him on his feet. Harry swayed. His head was pounding. His injured leg would no longer support his weight. The crowd around them jostled, fighting to get closer, pressing darkly in on him – â€Å"What's happened?† â€Å"What's wrong with him?† â€Å"Diggory's dead!† â€Å"He'll need to go to the hospital wing!† Fudge was saying loudly. â€Å"He's ill, he's injured – Dumbledore, Diggory's parents, they're here, they're in the stands†¦.† â€Å"I'll take Harry, Dumbledore, I'll take him -â€Å" â€Å"No, I would prefer-â€Å" â€Å"Dumbledore, Amos Diggory's running†¦he's coming over†¦.Don't you think you should tell him – before he sees – ?† â€Å"Harry, stay here -â€Å" Girls were screaming, sobbing hysterically†¦.The scene flickered oddly before Harry's eyes†¦. â€Å"Its all right, son, I've got you†¦come on†¦hospital wing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Dumbledore said stay,† said Harry thickly, the pounding in his scar making him feel as though he was about to throw up; his vision was blurring worse than ever. â€Å"You need to lie down†¦.Come on now†¦.† Someone larger and stronger than he was was half pulling, half carrying him through the frightened crowd. Harry heard people gasping, screaming, and shouting as the man supporting him pushed a path through them, taking him back to the castle. Across the lawn, past the lake and the Durmstrang ship, Harry heard nothing but the heavy breathing of the man helping him walk. â€Å"What happened. Harry?† the man asked at last as he lifted Harry up the stone steps. Clunk. Clunk. Clunk. It was Mad-Eye Moody. â€Å"Cup was a Portkey,† said Harry as they crossed the entrance hall. â€Å"Took me and Cedric to a graveyard†¦and Voldemort was there†¦Lord Voldemort†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Clunk. Clunk. Clunk. Up the marble stairs†¦ â€Å"The Dark Lord was there? What happened then?† â€Å"Killed Cedric†¦they killed Cedric†¦.† â€Å"And then?† Clunk. Clunk. Clunk. Along the corridor†¦ â€Å"Made a potion†¦got his body back†¦.† â€Å"The Dark Lord got his body back? He's returned?† â€Å"And the Death Eaters came†¦and then we dueled†¦.† â€Å"You dueled with the Dark Lord?† â€Å"Got away†¦my wand†¦did something funny†¦.I saw my mum and dad†¦they came out of his wand†¦.† â€Å"In here. Harry†¦in here, and sit down†¦.You'll be all right now†¦drink this†¦.† Harry heard a key scrape in a lock and felt a cup being pushed into his hands. â€Å"Drink it†¦you'll feel better†¦come on, now. Harry, I need to know exactly what happened†¦.† Moody helped tip the stuff down Harry's throat; he coughed, a peppery taste burning his throat. Moody's office came into sharper focus, and so did Moody himself†¦.He looked as white as Fudge had looked, and both eyes were fixed unblinkingly upon Harry's face. â€Å"Voldemort's back, Harry? You're sure he's back? How did he do it?† â€Å"He took stuff from his father's grave, and from Wormtail, and me,† said Harry. His head felt clearer; his scar wasn't hurting so badly; he could now see Moody's face distinctly, even though the office was dark. He could still hear screaming and shouting from the distant Quidditch field. â€Å"What did the Dark Lord take from you?† said Moody. â€Å"Blood,† said Harry, raising his arm. His sleeve was ripped where Wormtail's dagger had torn it. Moody let out his breath in a long, low hiss. â€Å"And the Death Eaters? They returned?† â€Å"Yes,† said Harry. â€Å"Loads of them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"How did he treat them?† Moody asked quietly. â€Å"Did he forgive them?† But Harry had suddenly remembered. He should have told Dumbledore, he should have said it straightaway – â€Å"There's a Death Eater at Hogwarts! There's a Death Eater here – they put my name in the Goblet of Fire, they made sure I got through to the end -â€Å" Harry tried to get up, but Moody pushed him back down. â€Å"I know who the Death Eater is,† he said quietly. â€Å"Karkaroff?† said Harry wildly. â€Å"Where is he? Have you got him? Is he locked up?† â€Å"Karkaroff?† said Moody with an odd laugh. â€Å"Karkaroff fled tonight, when he felt the Dark Mark burn upon his arm. He betrayed too many faithful supporters of the Dark Lord to wish to meet them†¦but I doubt he will get far. The Dark Lord has ways of tracking his enemies.† â€Å"Karkaroff's gone? He ran away? But then – he didn't put my name in the goblet?† â€Å"No,† said Moody slowly. â€Å"No, he didn't. It was I who did that.† Harry heard, but didn't believe. â€Å"No, you didn't,† he said. â€Å"You didn't do that†¦you can't have done†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I assure you I did,† said Moody, and his magical eye swung around and fixed upon the door, and Harry knew he was making sure that there was no one outside it. At the same time, Moody drew out his wand and pointed it at Harry. â€Å"He forgave them, then?† he said. â€Å"The Death Eaters who went free? The ones who escaped Azkaban?† â€Å"What?† said Harry. He was looking at the wand Moody was pointing at him. This was a bad joke, it had to be. â€Å"I asked you,† said Moody quietly, â€Å"whether he forgave the scum who never even went to look for him. Those treacherous cowards who wouldn't even brave Azkaban for him. The faithless, worthless bits of filth who were brave enough to cavort in masks at the Quidditch World Cup, but fled at the sight of the Dark Mark when I fired it into the sky.† â€Å"You fired†¦What are you talking about†¦?† â€Å"I told you. Harry†¦I told you. If there's one thing I hate more than any other, it's a Death Eater who walked free. They turned their backs on my master when he needed them most. I expected him to punish them. I expected him to torture them. Tell me he hurt them, Harry†¦.† Moody's face was suddenly lit with an insane smile. â€Å"Tell me he told them that I, I alone remained faithful†¦prepared to risk everything to deliver to him the one thing he wanted above all†¦you.† â€Å"You didn't†¦it – it can't be you†¦.† â€Å"Who put your name in the Goblet of Fire, under the name of a different school? I did. Who frightened off every person I thought might try to hurt you or prevent you from winning the tournament? I did. Who nudged Hagrid into showing you the dragons? I did. Who helped you see the only way you could beat the dragon? I did.† Moody's magical eye had now left the door. It was fixed upon Harry. His lopsided mouth leered more widely than ever. â€Å"It hasn't been easy, Harry, guiding you through these tasks without arousing suspicion. I have had to use every ounce of cunning I possess, so that my hand would not be detectable in your success. Dumbledore would have been very suspicious if you had managed everything too easily. As long as you got into that maze, preferably with a decent head start – then, I knew, I would have a chance of getting rid of the other champions and leaving your way clear. But I also had to contend with your stupidity. The second task†¦that was when I was most afraid we would fail. I was keeping watch on you, Potter. I knew you hadn't worked out the egg's clue, so I had to give you another hint -â€Å" â€Å"You didn't,† Harry said hoarsely. â€Å"Cedric gave me the clue -â€Å" â€Å"Who told Cedric to open it underwater? I did. I trusted that he would pass the information on to you. Decent people are so easy to manipulate, Potter. I was sure Cedric would want to repay you for telling him about the dragons, and so he did. But even then, Potter, even then you seemed likely to fail. I was watching all the time†¦all those hours in the library. Didn't you realize that the book you needed was in your dormitory all along? I planted it there early on, I gave it to the Longbottom boy, don't you remember? Magical Water Plants of the Mediterranean. It would have told you all you needed to know about gillyweed. I expected you to ask everyone and anyone you could for help. Longbottom would have told you in an instant. But you did not†¦you did not†¦.You have a streak of pride and independence that might have ruined all. â€Å"So what could I do? Feed you information from another innocent source. You told me at the Yule Ball a house-elf called Dobby had given you a Christmas present. I called the elf to the staffroom to collect some robes for cleaning. I staged a loud conversation with Professor McGonagall about the hostages who had been taken, and whether Potter would think to use gillyweed. And your little elf friend ran straight to Snape's office and then hurried to find you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Moody's wand was still pointing directly at Harry's heart. Over his shoulder, foggy shapes were moving in the Foe-Glass on the wall. â€Å"You were so long in that lake, Potter, I thought you had drowned. But luckily, Dumbledore took your idiocy for nobility, and marked you high for it. I breathed again. â€Å"You had an easier time of it than you should have in that maze tonight, of course,† said Moody. â€Å"I was patrolling around it, able to see through the outer hedges, able to curse many obstacles out of your way. I Stunned Fleur Delacour as she passed. I put the Imperius Curse on Krum, so that he would finish Diggory and leave your path to the cup clear.† Harry stared at Moody. He just didn't see how this could be†¦.Dumbledore's friend, the famous Auror†¦the one who had caught so many Death Eaters†¦It made no sense†¦no sense at all†¦. The foggy shapes in the Foe-Glass were sharpening, had become more distinct. Harry could see the outlines of three people over Moody's shoulder, moving closer and closer. But Moody wasn't watching them. His magical eye was upon Harry. â€Å"The Dark Lord didn't manage to kill you. Potter, and he so wanted to,† whispered Moody. â€Å"Imagine how he will reward me when he finds I have done it for him. I gave you to him – the thing he needed above all to regenerate – and then I killed you for him. I will be honored beyond all other Death Eaters. I will be his dearest, his closest supporter†¦closer than a son†¦.† Moody's normal eye was bulging, the magical eye fixed upon Harry. The door was barred, and Harry knew he would never reach his own wand in time†¦. â€Å"The Dark Lord and I,† said Moody, and he looked completely insane now, towering over Harry, leering down at him, â€Å"have much in common. Both of us, for instance, had very disappointing fathers†¦very disappointing indeed. Both of us suffered the indignity, Harry, of being named after those fathers. And both of us had the pleasure†¦the very great pleasure†¦of killing our fathers to ensure the continued rise of the Dark Order!† â€Å"You're mad,† Harry said – he couldn't stop himself- â€Å"you're mad!† â€Å"Mad, am I?† said Moody, his voice rising uncontrollably. â€Å"We'll see! We'll see who's mad, now that the Dark Lord has returned, with me at his side! He is back, Harry Potter, you did not conquer him – and now – I conquer you!† Moody raised his wand, he opened his mouth; Harry plunged his own hand into his robes – â€Å"Stupefy!† There was a blinding flash of red light, and with a great splintering and crashing, the door of Moody's office was blasted apart – Moody was thrown backward onto the office floor. Harry, still staring at the place where Moody's face had been, saw Albus Dumbledore, Professor Snape, and Professor McGonagall looking back at him out of the Foe-Glass. He looked around and saw the three of them standing in the doorway, Dumbledore in front, his wand outstretched. At that moment, Harry fully understood for the first time why people said Dumbledore was the only wizard Voldemort had ever feared. The look upon Dumbledore's face as he stared down at the unconscious form of Mad-Eye Moody was more terrible than Harry could have ever imagined. There was no benign smile upon Dumbledore's face, no twinkle in the eyes behind the spectacles. There was cold fury in every line of the ancient face; a sense of power radiated from Dumbledore as though he were giving off burning heat. He stepped into the office, placed a foot underneath Moody's unconscious body, and kicked him over onto his back, so that his face was visible. Snape followed him, looking into the Foe-Glass, where his own face was still visible, glaring into the room. Professor McGonagall went straight to Harry. â€Å"Come along, Potter,† she whispered. The thin line of her mouth was twitching as though she was about to cry. â€Å"Come along†¦hospital wing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No,† said Dumbledore sharply. â€Å"Dumbledore, he ought to – look at him – he's been through enough tonight -â€Å" â€Å"He will stay, Minerva, because he needs to understand,† said Dumbledore curtly. â€Å"Understanding is the first step to acceptance, and only with acceptance can there be recovery. He needs to know who has put him through the ordeal he has suffered tonight, and why,† â€Å"Moody,† Harry said. He was still in a state of complete disbelief. â€Å"How can it have been Moody?† â€Å"This is not Alastor Moody,† said Dumbledore quietly. â€Å"You have never known Alastor Moody. The real Moody would not have removed you from my sight after what happened tonight. The moment he took you, I knew – and I followed.† Dumbledore bent down over Moody's limp form and put a hand inside his robes. He pulled out Moody's hip flask and a set of keys on a ring. Then he turned to Professors McGonagall and Snape. â€Å"Severus, please fetch me the strongest Truth Potion you possess, and then go down to the kitchens and bring up the house-elf called Winky. Minerva, kindly go down to Hagrid's house, where you will find a large black dog sitting in the pumpkin patch. Take the dog up to my office, tell him I will be with him shortly, then come back here.† If either Snape or McGonagall found these instructions peculiar, they hid their confusion. Both turned at once and left the office. Dumbledore walked over to the trunk with seven locks, fitted the first key in the lock, and opened it. It contained a mass of spell-books. Dumbledore closed the trunk, placed a second key in the second lock, and opened the trunk again. The spellbooks had vanished; this time it contained an assortment of broken Sneako-scopes, some parchment and quills, and what looked like a silvery Invisibility Cloak. Harry watched, astounded, as Dumbledore placed the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth keys in their respective locks, reopening the trunk each time, and revealing different contents each time. Then he placed the seventh key in the lock, threw open the lid, and Harry let out a cry of amazement. He was looking down into a kind of pit, an underground room, and lying on the floor some ten feet below, apparently fast asleep, thin and starved in appearance, was the real Mad-Eye Moody. His wooden leg was gone, the socket that should have held the magical eye looked empty beneath its lid, and chunks of his grizzled hair were missing. Harry stared, thunderstruck, between the sleeping Moody in the trunk and the unconscious Moody lying on the floor of the office. Dumbledore climbed into the trunk, lowered himself, and fell lightly onto the floor beside the sleeping Moody. He bent over him. â€Å"Stunned – controlled by the Imperius Curse – very weak,† he said. â€Å"Of course, they would have needed to keep him alive. Harry, throw down the imposter's cloak – he's freezing. Madam Pomfrey will need to see him, but he seems in no immediate danger.† Harry did as he was told; Dumbledore covered Moody in the cloak, tucked it around him, and clambered out of the trunk again. Then he picked up the hip flask that stood upon the desk, unscrewed it, and turned it over. A thick glutinous liquid splattered onto the office floor. â€Å"Polyjuice Potion, Harry,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"You see the simplicity of it, and the brilliance. For Moody never does drink except from his hip flask, he's well known for it. The imposter needed, of course, to keep the real Moody close by, so that he could continue making the potion. You see his hair†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Dumbledore looked down on the Moody in the trunk. â€Å"The imposter has been cutting it off all year, see where it is uneven? But I think, in the excitement of tonight, our fake Moody might have forgotten to take it as frequently as he should have done†¦on the hour†¦every hour†¦.We shall see.† Dumbledore pulled out the chair at the desk and sat down upon it, his eyes fixed upon the unconscious Moody on the floor. Harry stared at him too. Minutes passed in silence†¦. Then, before Harry's very eyes, the face of the man on the floor began to change. The scars were disappearing, the skin was becoming smooth; the mangled nose became whole and started to shrink. The long mane of grizzled gray hair was withdrawing into the scalp and turning the color of straw. Suddenly, with a loud clunk, the wooden leg fell away as a normal leg regrew in its place; next moment, the magical eyeball had popped out of the man's face as a real eye replaced it; it rolled away across the floor and continued to swivel in every direction. Harry saw a man lying before him, pale-skinned, slightly freckled, with a mop of fair hair. He knew who he was. He had seen him in Dumbledore's Pensieve, had watched him being led away from court by the dementors, trying to convince Mr. Crouch that he was innocent†¦but he was lined around the eyes now and looked much older†¦. There were hurried footsteps outside in the corridor. Snape had returned with Winky at his heels. Professor McGonagall was right behind them. â€Å"Crouch!† Snape said, stopping dead in the doorway. â€Å"Barty Crouch!† â€Å"Good heavens,† said Professor McGonagall, stopping dead and staring down at the man on the floor. Filthy, disheveled, Winky peered around Snape's legs. Her mouth opened wide and she let out a piercing shriek. â€Å"Master Barty, Master Barty, what is you doing here?† She flung herself forward onto the young man's chest. â€Å"You is killed him! You is killed him! You is killed Master's son!† â€Å"He is simply Stunned, Winky,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"Step aside, please. Severus, you have the potion?† Snape handed Dumbledore a small glass bottle of completely clear liquid: the Veritaserum with which he had threatened Harry in class. Dumbledore got up, bent over the man on the floor, and pulled him into a sitting position against the wall beneath the Foe-Glass, in which the reflections of Dumbledore, Snape, and McGonagall were still glaring down upon them all. Winky remained on her knees, trembling, her hands over her face. Dumbledore forced the mans mouth open and poured three drops inside it. Then he pointed his wand at the mans chest and said, â€Å"Ennervate.† Crouch's son opened his eyes. His face was slack, his gaze unfocused. Dumbledore knelt before him, so that their faces were level. â€Å"Can you hear me?† Dumbledore asked quietly. The man's eyelids flickered. â€Å"Yes,† he muttered. â€Å"I would like you to tell us,† said Dumbledore softly, â€Å"how you came to be here. How did you escape from Azkaban?† Crouch took a deep, shuddering breath, then began to speak in a flat, expressionless voice. â€Å"My mother saved me. She knew she was dying. She persuaded my father to rescue me as a last favor to her. He loved her as he had never loved me. He agreed. They came to visit me. They gave me a draft of Polyjuice Potion containing one of my mother's hairs. She took a draft of Polyjuice Potion containing one of my hairs. We took on each other's appearance.† Winky was shaking her head, trembling. â€Å"Say no more. Master Barty, say no more, you is getting your father into trouble!† But Crouch took another deep breath and continued in the same flat voice. â€Å"The dementors are blind. They sensed one healthy, one dying person entering Azkaban. They sensed one healthy, one dying person leaving it. My father smuggled me out, disguised as my mother, in case any prisoners were watching through their doors. â€Å"My mother died a short while afterward in Azkaban. She was careful to drink Polyjuice Potion until the end. She was buried under my name and bearing my appearance. Everyone believed her to be me.† The man's eyelids flickered. â€Å"And what did your father do with you, when he had got you home?† said Dumbledore quietly. â€Å"Staged my mother's death. A quiet, private funeral. That grave is empty. The house-elf nursed me back to health. Then I had to be concealed. I had to be controlled. My father had to use a number of spells to subdue me. When I had recovered my strength, I thought only of finding my master†¦of returning to his service.† â€Å"How did your father subdue you?† said Dumbledore. â€Å"The Imperius Curse,† Moody said. â€Å"I was under my fathers control. I was forced to wear an Invisibility Cloak day and night. I was always with the house-elf. She was my keeper and caretaker. She pitied me. She persuaded my father to give me occasional treats. Rewards for my good behavior.† â€Å"Master Barty, Master Barty,† sobbed Winky through her hands. â€Å"You isn't ought to tell them, we is getting in trouble†¦.† â€Å"Did anybody ever discover that you were still alive?† said Dumbledore softly. â€Å"Did anyone know except your father and the house-elf?† â€Å"Yes,† said Crouch, his eyelids flickering again. â€Å"A witch in my father's office. Bertha Jorkins. She came to the house with papers for my father's signature. He was not at home. Winky showed her inside and returned to the kitchen, to me. But Bertha Jorkins heard Winky talking to me. She came to investigate. She heard enough to guess who was hiding under the Invisibility Cloak. My father arrived home. She confronted him. He put a very powerful Memory Charm on her to make her forget what she'd found out. Too powerful. He said it damaged her memory permanently.† â€Å"Why is she coming to nose into my masters private business?† sobbed Winky. â€Å"Why isn't she leaving us be?† â€Å"Tell me about the Quidditch World Cup,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"Winky talked my father into it,† said Crouch, still in the same monotonous voice. â€Å"She spent months persuading him. I had not left the house for years. I had loved Quidditch. Let him go, she said. He will be in his Invisibility Cloak. He can watch. Let him smell fresh air for once. She said my mother would have wanted it. She told my father that my mother had died to give me freedom. She had not saved me for a life of imprisonment. He agreed in the end. â€Å"It was carefully planned. My father led me and Winky up to the Top Box early in the day. Winky was to say that she was saving a seat for my father. I was to sit there, invisible. When everyone had left the box, we would emerge. Winky would appear to be alone. Nobody would ever know. â€Å"But Winky didn't know that I was growing stronger. I was starting to fight my father's Imperius Curse. There were times when I was almost myself again. There were brief periods when I seemed outside his control. It happened, there, in the Top Box. It was like waking from a deep sleep. I found myself out in public, in the middle of the match, and I saw, in front of me, a wand sticking out of a boys pocket. I had not been allowed a wand since before Azkaban. I stole it. Winky didn't know. Winky is frightened of heights. She had her face hidden.† â€Å"Master Barty, you bad boy!† whispered Winky, tears trickling between her fingers. â€Å"So you took the wand,† said Dumbledore, â€Å"and what did you do with it?† â€Å"We went back to the tent,† said Crouch. â€Å"Then we heard them. We heard the Death Eaters. The ones who had never been to Azkaban. The ones who had never suffered for my master. They had turned their backs on him. They were not enslaved, as I was. They were free to seek him, but they did not. They were merely making sport of Muggles. The sound of their voices awoke me. My mind was clearer than it had been in years. I was angry. I had the wand. I wanted to attack them for their disloyalty to my master. My father had left the tent; he had gone to free the Muggles. Winky was afraid to see me so angry. She used her own brand of magic to bind me to her. She pulled me from the tent, pulled me into the forest, away from the Death Eaters. I tried to hold her back. I wanted to return to the campsite. I wanted to show those Death Eaters what loyalty to the Dark Lord meant, and to punish them for their lack of it. I used the stolen wand to cast the Dark Mark into the sky. â€Å"Ministry wizards arrived. They shot Stunning Spells everywhere. One of the spells came through the trees where Winky and I stood. The bond connecting us was broken. We were both Stunned. â€Å"When Winky was discovered, my father knew I must be nearby. He searched the bushes where she had been found and felt me lying there. He waited until the other Ministry members had left the forest. He put me back under the Imperius Curse and took me home. He dismissed Winky. She had failed him. She had let me acquire a wand. She had almost let me escape.† Winky let out a wail of despair. â€Å"Now it was just Father and I, alone in the house. And then†¦and then†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Crouch's head rolled on his neck, and an insane grin spread across his face. â€Å"My master came for me. â€Å"He arrived at our house late one night in the arms of his servant Wormtail. My master had found out that I was still alive. He had captured Bertha Jorkins in Albania. He had tortured her. She told him a great deal. She told him about the Triwizard Tournament. She told him the old Auror, Moody, was going to teach at Hogwarts. He tortured her until he broke through the Memory Charm my father had placed upon her. She told him I had escaped from Azkaban. She told him my father kept me imprisoned to prevent me from seeking my master. And so my master knew that I was still his faithful servant – perhaps the most faithful of all. My master conceived a plan, based upon the information Bertha had given him. He needed me. He arrived at our house near midnight. My father answered the door.† The smile spread wider over Crouch's face, as though recalling the sweetest memory of his life. Winky's petrified brown eyes were visible through her fingers. She seemed too appalled to speak. â€Å"It was very quick. My father was placed under the Imperius Curse by my master. Now my father was the one imprisoned, controlled. My master forced him to go about his business as usual, to act as though nothing was wrong. And I was released. I awoke. I was myself again, alive as I hadn't been in years. â€Å"And what did Lord Voldemort ask you to do?† said Dumbledore. â€Å"He asked me whether I was ready to risk everything for him. I was ready. It was my dream, my greatest ambition, to serve him, to prove myself to him. He told me he needed to place a faithful servant at Hogwarts. A servant who would guide Harry Potter through the Triwizard Tournament without appearing to do so. A servant who would watch over Harry Potter. Ensure he reached the Triwizard Cup. Turn the cup into a Portkey, which would take the first person to touch it to my master. But first -â€Å" â€Å"You needed Alastor Moody,† said Dumbledore. His blue eyes were blazing, though his voice remained calm. â€Å"Wormtail and I did it. We had prepared the Polyjuice Potion beforehand. We journeyed to his house. Moody put up a struggle. There was a commotion. We managed to subdue him just in time. Forced him into a compartment of his own magical trunk. Took some of his hair and added it to the potion. I drank it; I became Moody's double. I took his leg and his eye. I was ready to face Arthur Weasley when he arrived to sort out the Muggles who had heard a disturbance. I made the dustbins move around the yard. I told Arthur Weasley I had heard intruders in my yard, who had set off the dustbins. Then I packed up Moody's clothes and Dark detectors, put them in the trunk with Moody, and set off for Hogwarts. I kept him alive, under the Imperius Curse. I wanted to be able to question him. To find out about his past, learn his habits, so that I could fool even Dumbledore. I also needed his hair to make the Polyjuice Potion. The other ingredients were easy. I stole boom-slang skin from the dunge ons. When the Potions master found me in his office, I said I was under orders to search it.† â€Å"And what became of Wormtail after you attacked Moody?† said Dumbledore. â€Å"Wormtail returned to care for my master, in my father's house, and to keep watch over my father.† â€Å"But your father escaped,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"Yes. After a while he began to fight the Imperius Curse just as I had done. There were periods when he knew what was happening. My master decided it was no longer safe for my father to leave the house. He forced him to send letters to the Ministry instead. He made him write and say he was ill. But Wormtail neglected his duty. He was not watchful enough. My father escaped. My master guessed that he was heading for Hogwarts. My father was going to tell Dumbledore everything, to confess. He was going to admit that he had smuggled me from Azkaban. â€Å"My master sent me word of my father's escape. He told me to stop him at all costs. So I waited and watched. I used the map I had taken from Harry Potter. The map that had almost ruined everything.† â€Å"Map?† said Dumbledore quickly. â€Å"What map is this?† â€Å"Potter's map of Hogwarts. Potter saw me on it. Potter saw me stealing more ingredients for the Polyjuice Potion from Snape's office one night. He thought I was my father. We have the same first name. I took the map from Potter that night. I told him my father hated Dark wizards. Potter believed my father was after Snape. â€Å"For a week I waited for my father to arrive at Hogwarts. At last, one evening, the map showed my father entering the grounds. I pulled on my Invisibility Cloak and went down to meet him. He was walking around the edge of the forest. Then Potter came, and Krum. I waited. I could not hurt Potter; my master needed him. Potter ran to get Dumbledore. I Stunned Krum. I killed my father.† â€Å"Noooo!† wailed Winky. â€Å"Master Barty, Master Barty, what is you saying?† â€Å"You killed your father,† Dumbledore said, in the same soft voice. â€Å"What did you do with the body?† â€Å"Carried it into the forest. Covered it with the Invisibility Cloak. I had the map with me. I watched Potter run into the castle. He met Snape. Dumbledore joined them. I watched Potter bringing Dumbledore out of the castle. I walked back out of the forest, doubled around behind them, went to meet them. I told Dumbledore Snape had told me where to come. â€Å"Dumbledore told me to go and look for my father. I went back to my father's body. Watched the map. When everyone was gone, I Transfigured my father's body. He became a bone†¦I buried it, while wearing the Invisibility Cloak, in the freshly dug earth in front of Hagrid's cabin.† There was complete silence now, except for Winky's continued sobs. Then Dumbledore said, â€Å"And tonight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I offered to carry the Triwizard Cup into the maze before dinner,† whispered Barty Crouch. â€Å"Turned it into a Portkey. My master's plan worked. He is returned to power and I will be honored by him beyond the dreams of wizards.† The insane smile lit his features once more, and his head drooped onto his shoulder as Winky wailed and sobbed at his side.

My childhood memory that still occurs today Essay

I don’t know why I’m surprised about this as it’s happened before and still is today. Looking back at it now has made me a lot more confident and I feel a lot stronger than I was before. This all happened 10 years back from now how I had an operation on my eyes that didn’t go to plan and left me with bad results to my eyes as one was squint and the other was just normal. Knowing I had to go to school with these effects was terrifying, nerve-racking, scary, and I had this gut feeling that I wasn’t going to be good enough for anyone. Every day that went by was emotional and upsetting to not only me but to my mum too as she knew what it felt like to be bullied. Each day I came home from school with tears streaming down my face, she knew something was wrong and as I was so young she had no idea what to do but to comfort me and sometimes it wasn’t always like that†¦ she would sometimes and sit there and cry because she wanted to help and also the fact she hated seeing her children cry/ be upset. From day one I was given a nickname which was named 4- eyed Katherine and now growing up it has came to me that my new nickname is cock-eyed Katherine. As it’s been so long ago that this all started I can actually still remember an incident that happened due to the disaffect in my eyes. The school bell rang for home time, I was so happy to be going home. I remember running to the door with my big heavy schoolbag that was twice the size of me. I waved all the teachers goodbye and opened the door to see a few guys I knew that were in my class standing just outside to the left of the school door†¦I hated each and every one of them that were there. One of the boys within the group said hello so I just ignored him and walked on by then I heard someone shout from the group â€Å"oi, Katherine come here†, I didn’t want to go as I just wanted to get home so I ignored them again was halfway down the playground. After having been ignored twice they decided to come over to me, they all circled around me. Next thing I knew I was thrown to the ground; they all spat on me and called me 4-eyes. I seen that they had on roller-blades, they started kicking me with them†¦it hurt me like mad. By this time I was crying and screaming for help. I could hear someone from the far end of the playground shouting â€Å"leave her aloneâ € , the boys all ran off and I was left in pain, I couldn’t feel parts of my body. One of the teachers came over and helped me up also took me back to the school to get me cleaned up. My mum was called  and was told about what had happened to me .thinking about it gives me butterflies in my tummy. Reflecting back 10 years from now is a huge difference but more to the fact that all the bullying hasn’t stopped as it still proceeds today, just like it has for the past 10 years. As I grew up I learnt that not everyone was perfect; everyone has their own flaws and opinions. Looking back from 10 years to now has mostly not affected me as much as it did before but in reality it’s hard to hold back feelings. As it still happens today I don’t really bother about it as basically I’m used to it but sometimes it can go abit too far and it will eventually get to me. There are times that someone has said something either about me or to me and I just simply walk away as people have their own opinions. I don’t understand why they bully me because if it had happened to them they wouldn’t like it. I still have the nickname of cock-eyed Katherine today, I had to wear glasses ever since I had the operation so it would help my eyes get better but every tim e I took them off everyone just stared at me and laughed and I knew from then that I was going to get bullied and be an easy target. Ever since I had theses glasses everyone kept asking me to take them off just so they could see my eyes and laugh at me. My friends stick by me today and they have for a long time, they have seen me at my worst when all this gets to me and they understand how I’m feeling as they also have been through that stage but not as long as I have though. There is an incident that happened in 1st year where it was in P.E and we were doing swimming, as I can’t really see without my glasses I had to wear them. I jumped into the water and when I rose to the top I noticed I wasn’t wearing my glasses, they must have fallen off and sunk to the bottom of the pool. I turned around to find everyone in my class staring at me and laughing. One pupil had to swim to the bottom and collect them and from that day in high school I was bullied as everyone knew the me under the glasses. I mean there are also times when I am walking in the corridor of school and people just walk by me and say â€Å"look there’s cock-eyed Katherine†, I just don’t listen and just keep on walking. In my own opinion I feel like everyone should be treated equally and fairly, we all came in this world the same way so we should all go out that way too. I would like for all the bullying to stop as I’m fed up of it and it just isnâ€℠¢t fair on me that I’m being picked on when they wouldn’t like it if I were doing it to them.

Frederick II of Germany

The Crusade is a series of eight military campaigns between 1096 and 1270 in which Europeans attempted to wrest control of the Holy Land from the Muslims who ruled the Middle East. Members of these groups are said to be recruited after a meeting of the church council in France where the Pope had called upon â€Å"knights† to go to the Holy Land and free the Christians from the Muslim rule. Aside from these, the Crusades are also tasked to regain the Holy Sepulcher. After the said meeting, the traveling preachers were said to be the ones responsible for propagating the concept which was then openly accepted by the people.That was said to be the start of the eight crusades in the next 200 years of history. Along with the mounted knights, many more foot soldiers were to â€Å"take the cross,† or become Crusaders. These included archers, crossbowmen, spear men and foragers. Under the feudal system, they owed their allegiance to landowning lords. Crusades were costly enterpr ises. The money for outfitting the soldiers on their expeditions to the East might be provided by the feudal lords or raised through taxes, sales of land or other property, or loans.Payment of the loans could be delayed until their return, and no doubt some had dreams of coming home with some of the treasure hinted at by the Byzantine emperor. Of course, a great many never came home at all. However, the Crusades failed to achieve their objective and cost untold lives. However, they did expose Western Europe to new ideas, and resulted in a heightened desire for adventure and an urge to see distant places. This curiosity was eventually channeled into the exploration of the New World. Frederick II of Germany who then headed the Fifth Crusade was blamed after its failure.Although he was considered a leader of the crusade, he was not around to actually lead the group. He did sent his army to support every actions made by the crusades yet many of the crusaders feel that they might have do ne much better or yet outperformed what they have done should Frederick II was present to show his leadership skills. After this incident, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights named Hermann von Salze told Frederick II to marry Yolanda who is then the Queen of Jerusalem, in order to save the bad impression of those who had expected the victory of his crusade.Frederick was such a fickle minded and irresponsible man. He was said to have reaffirmed his vow to the pope but he kept on changing minds and switching dates as to when he could meet the deadlines . With such an act, Pope Gregory believed that the delaying tactics being done by Frederick was a sign of his being coward. Soon after, Frederick II was excommunicated by Pope Gregory. After several excommunication orders imposed upon Frederick II, the Knights Templar and other members of the Teutonic Knights refused to help him again.After no help has been extended to Frederick, he decided to talk to the Sultan of Jerusalem and ca me up with an agreement. They quickly came to an agreement, with Jerusalem being granted to the Christians, and both parties agreeing to a ten-year truce. Al-Kamil was criticized by his people for making this agreement, but he knew that he could retake the Holy Land whenever he wanted. Frederick was similarly criticized by the Christians, who protested that he was sent to kill the heathen, not dine with him and sign treaties.Additionally, they were now noticing the defensive vulnerabilities of Jerusalem that the Sultan had counted on when he made the deal. The Emperor entered Jerusalem on March 17, 1229. On the next morning, Sunday, Frederick went to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to celebrate mass, only to find that no priest was there. Undaunted, he proceeded to crown himself King of Jerusalem. This act, combined with the conquest that he represented, earned Frederick the hatred of most Palestinian barons.He had liberated Jerusalem and become its King, but it was immediately evi dent that his grasp on the Holy Land was tenuous at best. The Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254. In 1244 the Khwarezmians retook Jerusalem, after the end of a ten-year truce following the Sixth Crusade. The fall of Jerusalem, no longer an earth-shattering event to European Christians who had seen the city pass from Christian to Muslim control numerous times in the past two centuries, did not prompt an immediate call for a new crusade.Pope Innocent IV and Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor were engaged in a continuation of the papal- imperial struggle. King Louis IX who lead the seventh crusade was having difficulty trying to fix and prepare another set of knights to compose the seventh crusade after all previous crusades had failed. France was perhaps the strongest state in Europe at the time, as Provence had mostly fallen under Parisian control after the Albigensian Crusade, and Toulouse was led by Louis IX's brother Alphonse, who joined him on his crusade in 1245.Another brother, Charles I of Anjou, also joined Louis. For the next three years Louis collected an ecclesiastical tenth (mostly from church tithes), and in 1248 he and his approximately 20 000-strong army sailed from the ports of Aigues-Mortes, which had been specifically built to prepare for the crusade, and Marseille. Louis IX's financial preparations for this expedition were comparatively well organized, and he was able to raise approximately 1,500,000 livres tournois.However, many nobles who joined Louis on the expedition had to borrow money from the royal treasury, and the crusade turned out to be very expensive. They sailed first to Cyprus and spent the winter on the island, negotiating with various other powers in the east; the Latin Empire set up after the Fourth Crusade asked for his help against the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea, and the Principality of Antioch and the Knights Templar wanted his help in Syria, where the Muslims had recently captured Sido n.However, Egypt was the object of his crusade, and he landed in 1249 at Damietta on the Nile. Egypt would, Louis thought, provide a base from which to attack Jerusalem, and its wealth and supply of grain would keep the crusaders fed and equipped. On June 6 Damietta was taken with little resistance from the Egyptians, who withdrew further up the Nile. However the flooding of the Nile had not been taken into account during the campaign, and it soon kept Louis and his army grounded at Damietta for six months, where the knights sat back and enjoyed the spoils of war.Louis ignored the agreement made during the Fifth Crusade that Damietta should be given to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, now a rump state in Acre, but he did set up an archbishopric there (under the authority of the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem) and used the city as a base to direct military operations against the Muslims of Syria. In November, Louis marched towards Cairo, and almost at the same time, the Ayyubid sultan of Egyp t, as-Salih Ayyub, died. A force led by Robert of Artois and the Templars attacked the Egyptian camp at al-Mansourah, but they were defeated and Robert was killed.Meanwhile, Louis' main force was attacked by the Mameluk Baibars, the commander of the army and a future sultan himself. Louis was defeated as well, but he did not withdraw to Damietta for months, preferring to besiege Mansourah, which ended in starvation and death for the crusaders rather than the Muslims. In March of 1250 Louis finally returned to Damietta, but he was taken captive on the way there, fell ill with dysentery, and was cured by an Arab physician. In May he was ransomed in return for Damietta and 400 000 livres, and he immediately left Egypt for Acre, one of the few remaining possessions of the crusaders in Syria.Meanwhile, the Mameluk soldiers of Egypt revolted. Turanshah, as-Salih's successor, took control of Cairo, creating a Mameluk dynasty that would eventually conquer the last of the crusader territorie s. Louis made an alliance with the Mameluks, and from his new base in Acre began to rebuild the other crusader cities. Although the Kingdom of Cyprus claimed authority there, Louis was the de facto ruler. Louis also negotiated with the Mongols, who had begun to appear in the east and who the Christians, encouraged by legends of a Nestorian kingdom among them (cf.Prester John), hoped would help them fight the Muslims and restore the Crusader States. They, like the Muslims who were similarly negotiating with the Mongols against the Christians, were unaware that the Mongols were not interested in helping either side and would eventually be disastrous for both. Louis' embassy to the Mongol ruler Mongke Khan, headed by William of Rubruck, was a failure. The Khan rejected Louis' invitation to convert to Christianity, and instead suggested Louis submit to him. In 1254 Louis' money ran out, and his presence was needed in France where his mother and regent Blanche of Castile had recently die d.His crusade was a failure, but he was considered a saint by many, and his fame gave him an even greater authority in Europe than the Holy Roman Emperor. In 1270 he attempted another crusade, though it too would end in failure. As clearly stated in this paper, it has been said that entering truce agreements with the enemy is a not acceptable for the Crusades. In the case of Frederick II, most of his supporters had failed to be identified with him and also was not accepting the thought of being a traitor to their country.The crusades can be synonymous to heroes of each country in the world where they are often roused by the spirit to fight for what is right and what is advantageous for their countrymen. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. â€Å"Sixth Crusade. † http://everything2. com/index. pl? node_id=1387038 (accessed May 6, 2007). 2. â€Å"The Crusades, Science and its Times:700-1449. † http://www. bookrags. com/research/the-crusades-scit-021/ (accessed May 6, 2007). 3. â€Å"Sevent h Crusade. † http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Seventh_Crusade (accessed May 6, 2007).

Psychology and Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Psychology and Religion - Essay Example The limited death I am sensing could be opened up by the psychologists for me to understand the current position but I have already decided that this is not bad news but just an interim challenge which could hold me up for a better or a worse day. It is my intention to make this a better day not just for me but also the kids that have been given to me and society which I want to serve. A good way for me to begin this unraveling of my thoughts through the following pages is to begin with an anecdote involving two of the esteemed psychologists who have impacted the class. As an emerging psychologist Gordon Allport was desperate to meet with Sigmund Freud. When Allport arrived for the all-important meeting which has been pre arranged, Freud was seated and remained quietly seated for Gordon to begin. Having grown impatient after some time Gordon blurted out an event, which had occurred on the way. Apparently a little boy had been very upset as he was seated next to a very dirty old man. Gordon remarked that it possibly was something the little boy had learnt from his mother, who on another seat remained stoic, the picture of neatness and domination. Without considering this a passing observation, Freud understood as a deep thought process consciously or unconsciously working within Gordon, and remarked â€Å"And was that little boy you?† (Boeree) If that boy on the bus were a girl it would have been me. I felt that very restriction deep within me. It was not prohibitive when I was growing up. However when I faced with the situations of life where I felt I did not have any options, I certainly felt like a good girl seated next to dirty man, with a mother looming over. As a good catholic I believed in the seven sacraments and adhered to them as religiously as possible. My morality was also pile driven into the catholic belief of seven deadly sins in